hemodynamics

Question 1

Which vessel in the body serves as the pressure resorvoir

Answer 1

arteries

Question 2

what vessels are the primary resistance vessels

Answer 2

arterioles

Question 3

Which vessels serve as the blood reservoir?

Answer 3

systemic vein

Question 4

what is the secondary blood reserve in the body

Answer 4

the pulmonary circulation

Question 5

which vessels undersee the biggest pressure drop in blood flow

Answer 5

arterioles

Question 6

Which vessels are responsible for maintaining MAP

Answer 6

arteries

Question 7

what is the driving force for blood flow

Answer 7

the MAP

Question 8

What blood pressure do you obtain auscultating

Answer 8

systolic and diastolic

Question 9

What blood pressure do you obtain by palpating

Answer 9

just systolic

Question 10

How do you calculate MAP at rest

Answer 10

diastolic BP + 1/3(SBP-DBP)

Question 11

What is the pulse pressure

Answer 11

difference between diastolic and systolic

Question 12

Where is the greatest pressure of arteries when laying supine

Answer 12

at the aorta

Question 13

where is the greatest pressure of arteries when standing

Answer 13

dorsalis pedis

Question 14

What vessels have the greatest cross sectional area

Answer 14

the capillaries

Question 15

What is Fick’s principle

Answer 15

CO= oxygen consumption
_______________________
A- V O2 difference

Question 16

Is blood flow velocity directly or indirectly related to the cross sectional area of a vessel

Answer 16

indirect

Question 17

what is a noninvasive measure of blood flow velocity

Answer 17

doppler ultrasound

Question 18

easy calculation for flow velocity

Answer 18

Flowvelocity= CO/Cross sectional area

Question 19

What concept explains how the same volume passes through each segment of vasculature per minute

Answer 19

the blood flow velocity. allows rapid delivery and exchange

Question 20

how does laminar flow sound compared to turbulent

Answer 20

laminar is silent

turbulent sounds like murmurs

Question 21

Increased Reynolds number suggests what

Answer 21

increased turbulence

Question 22

What can cause an abnormal increase in velocity of a vessel

Answer 22

sudden decrease in diameter like atherosclerosis or cardiac valve lesions

Question 23

what causes increased turbulence

Answer 23

increased velocity
increased diameter
decreased viscosity (anemia)

Question 24

If you decrease a vessles radius by half how does that affect velocity

Answer 24

increases 4 fold

Question 25

what is the formula for vessel compliance

Answer 25

C= change volume over change of pressure

Question 26

What will have the greater pulse pressure, a compliant arteryr or a stiff artery

Answer 26

stiff artery

Question 27

Why does pulse pressure increase with age

Answer 27

lose compliance of vessels

Question 28

What is the concept behind LaPlace's law

Answer 28

explains how tiny walled capillaries can withstand pressure because of tiny radius

Question 29

Which vessel in the body has the greatest wall tension

Answer 29

the aorta because greatest pressure and radius

Question 30

damage to elastic fibers in a vessel can lead to what clinically

Answer 30

aneurysm

Question 31

if the radius of a vessel surpasses the LaPlace equilibrium what could happen

Answer 31

increase wall tension to burst

Question 32

How do we calculate CO

Answer 32

MAP/TPR

Question 33

TPR is the resistance where

Answer 33

sytemic

Question 34

What law is CO formula based on

Answer 34

ohms law I=V/R

Question 35

if pressure at one end is 90mmHg and at the other 10mmHg what is the flow

Answer 35

80mmHg because it is the change in pressure

Question 36

Does the body supply all vessels at once

Answer 36

no because it depends on local metabolic demands in organs

Question 37

how is flow distribution regulated

Answer 37

resistance

Question 38

Adding resistance in a series affects overall resistance how

Answer 38

increases it

Question 39

adding resistance in parallel affects overall resistance how

Answer 39

decreases it

Question 40

How does obesity arrange the vessels and what are its affects on TPR?

Answer 40

parallel. So decreases TPR which causes CO to increase to keep MAP constant

Question 41

How does changin radius affect resistance and flow

Answer 41

increase radius decrease resistance increas flow

Question 42

Blood flow is directly proportional to what

Answer 42

pressure gradient and the vessel radius to the 4th power

Question 43

blood flow is inversely proportional to what

Answer 43

vessel length and blood viscosity

Question 44

What are anemia and polycythemia's affects on flow, and how?

Answer 44

anemia decreases viscosity so increase flow | polycythemia increases viscosity so decrease flow

Question 45

If you increase radius by 2X its normal how does resistnace change? flow?

Answer 45

resistance is decreased 1/16 and flow increased 16 times

Question 46

What are the intrinsic controls of arteriolar radius

Answer 46

local metabolic changes in O2 and CO2

Question 47

what are the extrinsic controls of arteriolar radius

Answer 47

sympathetic activity(vasoconstriction)

Question 48

What are the 2 major extrinsic controler types for blood pressure regulation

Answer 48

neural and endocrine

Question 49

Describe the neural control/regulation of blood pressure

Answer 49

sympathetic influence on smooth m. vasoconstriction- alpha 1 R and norepi vasodilation- beta2 R and epi

Question 50

What tissues are mainly regulated by extrinsic factors

Answer 50

cutaneous circulation and skel m at rest

Question 51

How does endocrine have affect on vessel pressure

Answer 51

vasoactive endocrine and paracrine compunds are released into blood near vascular smooth m and change the radius

Question 52

What are the 5 main endocrine componds that change MAP

Answer 52

``` Epi histamine Angiotensin II antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) atrial natriuretic peptide ```

Question 53

what is the effect of epinephrine on sm mm in vessels

Answer 53

vasoconstriction via alpha 1 R and vasodilation via Beta2

Question 54

what is the effect of histamine on sm mm in vessels

Answer 54

arteriolar vasodilation, venoconstriction

Question 55

What is the effect of angiontensin II on sm mm in vessels

Answer 55

vasoconstiction, blood loss and reduction or renal BP via renin

Question 56

What is the effect of antidiuretic hormone/vasopressin on sm mm in vessels

Answer 56

vasoconstriction

Question 57

in what clinical scenario is vasopressin released alot in body

Answer 57

hemorrhagic shock

Question 58

what is the effect of atrial natriuretic peptide on arterial sm mm

Answer 58

vasodilation in myocytes

Question 59

what is the most powerful natural diuretic

Answer 59

atrial natriuretic peptide because it dec BP

Question 60

What two ligands cause sympathteic vasoconstriction via alpha 1 R

Answer 60

norepi and epi

Question 61

Describe orthostatic hypotension

Answer 61

mechanism of extrinsic control to TPR is impaired

Question 62

Intrinsic control: Is flow dependent or independent of blood pressure

Answer 62

independent

Question 63

Intrinsic control: is flow dependent or indeendent of nervous reflexes

Answer 63

independent

Question 64

What tissues are mainly regulated by intrinsic controls

Answer 64

cerebral, coronary, skel m in exercise and renal circulation

Question 65

What is active hyperemia vs reactive

Answer 65

active is like when exersiing, the blood flow to tissue is proportional to metabolism reactive is if there is an occlusion, flow following inclusion will be greater if time occluded increases

Question 66

decreased pO2 and increasedpCO2 will cause what in sm arterial m

Answer 66

vasodilation