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ENDO 207 FINAL > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

A female 40 years old complained of a swelling at the front of the neck. The swelling moves up and down with swallowing.

a. Name the affected organ.
b. Mention two arteries supplying it.
c. Mention its parts.
d. Mention two nerves related to it.
e. Why it moves with swallowing.

A

a. Thyroid gland.
b. Superior and inferior thyroid arteries.
a. 2 lobes, isthmus, pyramidal lobe.
c. External laryngeal and recurrent laryngeal nerves.
d. Because it is attached to pretracheal fascia.

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2
Q

A- 65- years-old man was admitted to the hospital complaining of severe difficulty in micturition the condition was diagnosed as benign hypertrophy of the prostate.

a. What is the cause of difficult micturition?
b. Name the lobes of the prostate.
c. Name two arteries supplying the prostate.
d. Name two structures within the prostate.
e. Mention communications of prostatic venous plexus.

A

a. Enlarged median lobe obstructs the internal urethral orifice.
b. One median and two lateral lobes.
c. Inferior vesical and internal pudendal.
d. Prostatic urethra and 2 ejaculatory ducts.
e. Deep dorsal vein of penis and vertebral venous plexus.

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3
Q

57-years-old woman with a history of chronic anal fissure visited the physician complaining of a painful swelling beside the anal orifice. A diagnosis of ischiorectal abscess was made.

a. What is the cause of the abscess?
b. What are structures that may be damaged by surgical incision of the abscess?
c. Mention the medial boundary of ischiorectal fossa.
d. Mention the lateral boundary of ischiorectal fossa.
e. Why is the anal fissure painful?

A

a. Spread from infected anal fissure.
b. Inferior rectal nerve and vessels.
c. Levator ani and external anal sphincter.
d. Obturator internus muscle and fascia.
e. Because it is in the lower sensitive part of anal canal which is supplied by somatic nerve.

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4
Q

Mention origin, parts of adenohypophysis & mention types of cells and their percentage of the pars distalis

A

from pituitary

Thin capsule and reticular stroma

Chromophobes (52%) and chromophils (48%)

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5
Q

Compare between chromophils & chromophobes of the pars distalis

A

Chromophils: classified into acidophils and basophils

Chromophobes: small cells with pale cytoplasm

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6
Q

Compare between the histological structure of the somatotrophs and mammographs

A

Somatotrophs: secrete GH, spherical with central rounded nuclei.

Mammotrophs: secrete prolactin, oval cells with oval nuclei

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7
Q

Compare between histological structure of the basophils of the pituitary gands

A

Thyrotrophs: release TSH, rounded cells with central rounded nuclei

Corticotrophs: release ACTH, MSH, endorphin. has oval cells.

FSH secreting cells: release FSH. Rounded cells with rounded nuclei

LH secreting cells: release LH. Rounded cells with rounded nuclei

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8
Q

Compare between the histological structure of pars tuberalis & intermedia

A

Pars Tuberalis: basophilic cells arranged in cords

Pars intermedia: formed of cords or follicles of basophilic cells with granular cytoplasm.

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9
Q

Give a short account on neurohypophysis

A

Contains:

Pituicytes: supporting nerve cells

Nerve fibers: carry neurosecretion to blood capillaries

Herring bodies: contains ADH and oxytocin

Fenestrated blood capillaries

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10
Q

Give a short account on pars nervosa

A

Contains:

Pituicytes: supporting nerve cells

Nerve fibers: carry neurosecretion to blood capillaries

Herring bodies: contains ADH and oxytocin

Fenestrated blood capillaries

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11
Q

Give a short account on neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus

A

They secrete

Oxytocin
ADH
Dopamine
GHRH
GHIH

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12
Q

Give a short account on blood supply of the pituitary gland with reference to portal circulation

A

Superior hypophyseal arteries supply hypothalamus and stalk

Inferior hypophyseal A supply pars nervosa.

The hormones are transmitted from axon terminals to 1ry capillary plexus & along portal circulation to 2ry plexus.

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13
Q

Compare between the histological structures of zones of suprarenal gland

A

Zona glomerulosa: columnar, arched groups, rounded, pale, aldosterone

Zona fasciculata: Polyhedral, narrow straight cords, central rounded, pale acidophilic, cortisol

Zona reticularis: polyhedral, branched, central rounded, pale acidophilic, mainly androgens

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14
Q

Give a short account on LM and EM of chromaffin cells of the adrenal

A

Modified sympathetic neurons which became secretory cells

Central rounded pale nuclei with basophilic cytoplasm.

EM protein forming cells + secretory granules.

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15
Q

Give a short account on the chromaffin reaction:

A

When a fresh section of suprarenal gland is stained with chromium salt, it turns brown with presence of adrenaline and noradrenalin

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16
Q

Give a short account on para ganglia

A

Masses of chromaffin cells

They secrete adrenaline and noradrenaline

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17
Q

Compare between follicular and para follicular cells of the thyroid follicles

A

Follicular: 98%, cuboidal with basophilic cytoplasm and rounded nuclei, has tight junctions with microvilli. Secrete T3 & T4

Parafollicular cells: 2%. Larger cells with paler cytoplasm. secrete calcitonin

18
Q

Compare between chief cells & oxyphil of parathyroid

A

Chief cells: smaller but lots, polygonal with rounded nuclei, basophilic, secrete parathormone

Oxyphil cell: Larger but less, rounded cells, acidophilic, unknown function

19
Q

Mention components of the pineal gland with reference to pinealocytes and its function

A

Large branched cells with long process and dilation on blood capillaries

Function:
Regulate gonadal function
Regulate sleep rhythm

20
Q

Describe the histological structure of the ovary

A

Germinal epithelium: cuboidal epithelium

Tunica albuginea: layer of dense white fibrous CT

Outer cortex: cortical stromal cells

21
Q

Contents of Graafin follicles

A

Primary oocyte
Zona pellucida
Corona radiata
Granulosa cells
Theca interna
Theca externa

22
Q

Give histology of fallopian tube

A

Mucosa: Simple columnar partially ciliated epithelium

Musculosa: inner circular and outer longitudinal

Serous: loose CT

23
Q

Fundus and body of uterus

A

Endometrium: simple columnar partly ciliated epithelium
Contains endometrial glands

Myometrium: thickest part, hormone sensitive, has poorly defined layers

Perimetrium: loose CT

24
Q

What is the structure of the vagina

A

Mucosa: non kretanized st. sq epithelium

Musculosa: IC & OL

Adventitia: dense CT and elastic fibers allowing vagina to stretch during labour

25
Q

Compare between the functional zone and basal zone of the uterus

A

Functional zone: superficial, upper part of lamina propria, has spiral arteries, sheds and regenerates

Basal part: deep, lower part of lamina propria, straight arteries, unchanged, reserve

26
Q

Give a short account on uterine cervix

A

Endocervix: mucus secreting simple columnar cells

Ectocervix: non keratinized st squamous epithelium

Stroma: dense white fibrous CT

27
Q

Placental barrier

A
  • Layers separating fetal blood from maternal blood.
  1. Syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast in the (1st four months of pregnancy, and syncytiotrophoblast only in the last five months).
  2. Basement membrane of trophoblast.
  3. C.T. core containing Hofbauer cells
  4. Basement membrane of fetal blood vessel
  5. Endothelium of fetal blood vessel
28
Q

Compare between decidua basalis (maternal part) and chorionic villi (fetal part)

A

Decidua basalis: part that enters in the formation of the placenta

Fetal part: finger like projections arising from outer wall of blastocyst. They branch and anastomose to embed in decidua basalis. Separated by maternal blood

29
Q

Compare between cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblast

A

Cytotrophoblast: single layer cuboidal cells, no microvilli, disappears at end of 4th month of pregnancy

Syncytiotrophoblast: Cells with no clear boundaries, nuclei are clustered, numerous microvilli, thru all gestation

30
Q

Give the functions of placenta

A

1.Allow passage of nutrients from mother to fetus and waste products from fetus to mother.

2.Endocrine function: secreting the following hormones:

  • hCG: maintain CL of pregnancy
  • HCS:lactogeneic & growth
  • Estrogen & progesterone
  • Relaxin: sofeting of cervix for labor

3.Placental barrier function:

  • Prevents passage of harmful organisms (bacteria) to developing embryo.
  • Allows passage of maternal immunoglobulins to the fetal circulation which passively immunizes the fetus against some bacteria.
31
Q

Compare between resting and lactating mammary glands

A

Resting: nipple is normal, areola has montgomery glands (lubricate nipple), septa is thick dense CT, lactiferous ducts and small ducts lined with simple cuboidal

Lactating: increase in pigmentation of nipple, increase in secretion of montgomery glands, decrease in thickness of septa, decrease amount of loose CT

32
Q

Give a short account on stroma of testis

A
  1. Tunica vagainalis: double layer of peritoneal pouch
  2. Tunica albuginea: thick dense white fibrous C.T.
    * Thickened posteriorly forming: testis mediastinum
    * Seminiferous tubules are embedded in interstitial tissue.
  3. Tunica vasculosa: highly vascular loose C.T. lining tunica albuginea &
    septa from inside.
33
Q

Give a short account on spermatogonia

A

Initial male germ cell. It is diploid round and small with one or two layers

34
Q

Compare between primary and secondary spermatocyte

A

1ry: largest cell. Diploid. chromosomes at coiling process

2ry: Small cells, Haploid. Lasts only for several hours as it divides immediatley

35
Q

Give a short account on spermatid

A

Very small cells with central rounded nuclei. they are haploid and near the lumen

36
Q

Give a short account on spermatozoa

A

Flattened head and pointed with condensed nucleus

Acrosomal cap

Neck has centrioles

Flagellar axoneme in the end piece

37
Q

Give the structure and functions of sertoli cells

A

Tall pyramidal cell occupying thickness of seminiferous tubules

Large oval vesicular nuclei

regulate metabolism of spermatocytes

38
Q

Give a short account on blood testis barrier and its importance

A

Definition: Barrier that separates interstitial tissue outside seminiferous tubule from spermatogenic cells inside the luminal compartment of seminiferous tubule.

Functions:
1.Selection of proper nutrients, fluids and hormones needed for spermatogenic development.

  1. Isolation of the sensitive spermatogenic cells from any damaging substance.
  2. Creation of a special environment essential for proper spermatogenic development.
  3. Prevention of autoimmune reaction
39
Q

Give a short account on LM, EM and functions of Leydig cells

A

Leydig cells are diffuse types of endocrine cells in close relation of fenestrated capillaries.

They secrete T under control of LH

LM: large polygonal cell

EM: numerous crystalloid inclusion

40
Q

Give the functions of the epididymis

A
  1. Absorption of remaining testicular fluid.
  2. Propulsion of sperms to vas deferens ⟹ smooth muscles
  3. Storage of sperms until ejaculation
  4. Secretion of glycoproteins
  5. Secretion of glycolipids
  6. Phagocyosis of residual bodies & degenerated spermatozoa.
41
Q

Give the histological structure of seminal vesicle

A

Mucosa: - Highly folded pseudostratified columnar non ciliated epithelium

  • Musculosa: includes inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle.
  • Adventitia: formed of loose C.T.
42
Q

Give a short account on prostatic acini

A

Prostatic acini:

  • Arranged in 3 concentric layers: an inner mucosal layer, an intermediate submucosal layer and a peripheral
    layer (contain main prostatic acini).
  • Prostatic acini are lined by simple columnar or pseudostratified columnar epithelium.

ENDO 207 FINAL (4 decks)

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