Anatomy

Question 1

What are the relations of thyroid gland.

Answer 1

Deep relations: 2nd, 3rd, 4th thyroid ring

Superficial relations: Skin, fascia, anterior jugular vein, sternohyoid

At the upper border: anastomosis between 2 superior thyroid arteries

At lower border: inferior thyroid veins

Anterolateral surface: skin, superficial fascia, platysma, sternomastoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid

Posterior surface: Carotid sheath, inferior thyroid artery, parathyroid gland, prevertebral muscles and fascia

Medial surface: Larynx, Pharynx, Trachea, esophagus, reccurent laryngeal in between.

Question 2

List the anomalies of the development of thyroid gland.

Answer 2

Aplasia or hypoplasia of thyroid gland

Aberrant thyroid gland

Thyroglossal cyst

Thyroglossal fistula

Question 3

List the contents of the broad ligament.

Answer 3

Uterine tube
ureter
Uterine vessels
Ovarian vessels
Round ligament of uterus
Ovarian ligament
Nerve plexus
Fatty tissue

Question 4

Name the structures related to the posterior wall of the vagina.

Answer 4

upper 1/4: covere4d by peritoneum of Douglas pouch

Middle 2/4: Anterior wall of the lower 1/3 of rectum

Lower 1/4: Perineal body separating it from anal canal

Question 5

What are the contents of deep perineal pouch in male

Answer 5

Membranous urethra
cowpers glands on sides
Deep perineal muscles
Internal pudendal artery and its terminal branches
Artery of penis bulb
Dorsal nerve of penis

Question 6

Give the boundaries of ischiorectal fossa.

Answer 6

Anterior wall: perineal membrane and superficial & transverse deep perineal muscles

Posterior wall: sacrotuberous ligaments

Medial wall: levator ani

Lateral wall: obturator internus and its fascia

Apex: origin of levator ani muscle

Base: skin and fascia of perineum

Question 7

Mention the developmental anomalies due to failure of fusion of the two paramesonephric.

Answer 7

Uterus didelphys: double uterus, double vagina

Bicornis bicollis: double uterus double vagina

Bicornis unicollis: double uterus, single cervix, single vagina

Arcuate uterus: fundus is depressed

Septate uterus: small septum in between

Question 8

Name the structures related to the anterior wall of the vagina

Answer 8

upper 1/3 cervix
Middle 1/3: contact with base of bladder
Lower 1/3: directly related to the urethra

Question 9

Mention the structures related to the base of the urinary bladder.

Answer 9

Separate from rectum by the peritoneum the rectovescial pouch (contains pelvic colon)

Lower part is vas deferens ampulla, two seminal vesicles

Question 10

List the ligaments of the urinary bladder.

Answer 10

Median umbilical ligament
Medial umbilical ligament
Pubovesical ligament
Lateral ligament
posterior ligament

Question 11

Describe the prostatic urethra (length, site, characters, and internal features of its posterior wall)

Answer 11

4cm
beneath preporstatic urethra
Widest and most dilatable
Prostatic utricle, ejaculatory duct, prostatic sinus

Question 12

Mention the attachment and nerve supply of the levator ani
muscle.

Answer 12

Origin: body of pubis, ischial spine, white line
Insertion: perineal body, u shape sling around anus, coccyx
Nerve: inferior rectal, S4

Question 13

List the contents of the superficial perineal pouch in female.

Answer 13

Root of clitorus
Superficial perineal muscle
Artery of bulb
Perineal A
Post labial N
Internal pudendal A
Dorsal N of clitorus
Vestibular gland
Vagina

Question 14

What are the contents of deep perineal pouch in female

Answer 14

Urethra
Vagina
Deep perineal muscle
Internal pudendal A
Artery of bulb
Dorsal N of clitorus

Question 15

Enumerate the contents Ischiorectal fossa.

Answer 15

Semi-liquid fat
Inferior rectal nerve and vessels
Posterior scrotal nerve
Perineal artery
S4 nerve

Question 16

Enumerate blood supply of thyroid gland

Answer 16

Superior thyroid: apex and upper
Inferior thyroid: lower 2/3 of thyroid
Thyroidea ima artery: isthmus of gland

Question 17

Enumerate supply of prostate

Answer 17

Inferior vesical artery
Internal pudendal artery
Middle rectal artery

Question 18

Internal iliac artery beginning, course and end

Answer 18

Beg: In front of the sacroiliac joint

Course: passes downwards and backwards along the posterior part of the lateral wall of the pelvis

Ends: It ends opposite the upper margin of the greater sciatic foramen by dividing into anterior and posterior divisions

Question 19

Enumerate the branches of the internal illiac artery

Answer 19

Illiolumbar artery
sacral artery
Superior gluteal
Obturator artery
Internal pudendal artery
Umbilical artery
Superior vesical artery
Middle rectal artery
Inferior vesical artery
Uterine artery

Question 20

Enumerate openings in seminal colliculus

Answer 20

Prostatic utricle
Ejaculatory duct op
Prostatic sinus

Question 21

Relations of the uterus

Answer 21

Anterior: Body of uterus, cervix

Posteriorly: body and cervix

On sides: entrance of uterine tube, round ligament, broad ligament, uterine artery

Question 22

Enumerate ligaments of the cervix

Answer 22

Cardinal ligaments
Uterosacral ligaments
Pubocervical ligaments

Question 23

Enumerate the ligaments attached to the body of the uterus

Answer 23

Round ligament of the uterus
Ligament of the ovary
Broad ligament

Question 24

Enumerate the parts of broad ligament

Answer 24

Mesosalpinx
Mesovarium
Mesometrium
Suspensory ligament of ovary

Question 25

Give the origin, course, end and branches

Answer 25

Origin: internal iliac artery

Course: runs medially root of the broad ligament. Then it crosses the ureter. Reaches cervix at level of the internal os. The uterine artery turns up lateral margin of uterus in a highly tortuous manner.

End: ends near ovarian hilum

Branches: uterus, cervix, uterine tube, vagina

Question 26

Enumerate the factors maintianing the position of the uterus

Answer 26

3 ligament of cervix
Levator ani
perineal body
Deep perineal muscles
Round ligament of uterus

Question 27

Give the relations of the anal canal

Answer 27

Anterior: perineal body, membranous urethra, bulb of penis
F: perineal body, lower part of vagina, Douglas

Posteriorly: anococcygeal body, sacral body

Laterally: ischiorectal fossa

Question 28

Enumerate the external anal sphincter

Answer 28

Subcutaneous part
Superficial part
Deep part

Question 29

Enumerate structures felt in prerectal exam in male and female

Answer 29

Male: external anal sphincter, bulb of penis, prostate, seminal vesicals, vas differens, urinary bladder base

Female: external anal sphincter, cervix and back of vagina

Question 30

Give the beg, course, end of internal pudendal artery

Answer 30

Beg: IIA

Course: leave pelvis the greater sciatic foramen to reach gluteal region. It crosses between pudendal nerve and obturator internus nerve to pass lesser sciatic to reach ischiorectal fossa.

End: @ symphysis pubis

Question 31

Enumerate internal pudendal artery

Answer 31

Artery of bulb
Inferior rectal artery
Perineal artery
Urethral artery

Question 32

Give the relations of the ureter

Answer 32

Medially: covered by peritoneum

Laterally: descends and crosses the external iliac artery obturator nerve, obturator artery