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Phase 1 finale > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What colour does Haematoxylin and Eosin stain cell nuclei and cytoplasm?

A

Cell nuclei- blue
Cytoplasm- pink
Collagen and elastin - also pink

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2
Q

Where are cytokeratins found

A

Epithelial cells

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3
Q

Where is desmin found

A

Myocytes

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4
Q

Where are glial fibrillary acidic proteins found

A

Astrocytic glial cells

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5
Q

Where are neurofilament proteins found

A

Neurons

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6
Q

Where is nuclear laminin found

A

Nuclei of all cells

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7
Q

Where is vimentin found?

A

Mesodermal cells

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8
Q

What does simple squamous epithelium line?

Characteristic of their nuclei

A

Endothelium (inside of blood vessels), mesothelium (outside of the lungs, alveoli) and peritoneum (abdominal organs)

Parallel oval nuclei

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9
Q

What does simple cuboidal epithelium line?

Characteristic of their nuclei

A

Kidney tubules, small ducts (salivary gland)

Central spherical nuclei

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10
Q

What does simple columnar epithelium line?

What is an additional characteristic?

A

Lines the stomach, intestines and uterus

May or may not have microvilli (small intestine) or cilia (respiratory tract, reproductive tract)

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11
Q

Where would you find stratified squamous non-keratinising epithelium?

A
  • In wet sites of the body that experiences lots of abrasion
  • Oesophagus, vagina, mouth
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12
Q

Where would you find stratified squamous keratinising epithelium?

A
  • The skin (e.g. when you take a shower, you do not absorb the water through your skin) - also when in a dry environment, water does not pass out of the skin in an uncontrolled manner

Thinner ones- skin on eyelids
Thicker layer of keratin- palms of hand and soles of feet

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13
Q

What are basement membranes made of? What stain should you use to identify it?

A

Type 4 collagen and fibronectin

Periodic acid schiff is used for basement membrane identification

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14
Q

What do mesenchymal cells give rise to?

A
  • Fibroblasts
  • Chrondroblasts
  • Obsteoblasts
  • Adipocytes (white and brown)
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15
Q

What are two origins of connective tissue cells?

A
  • Mesenchymal cells and haematopoetic stem cells
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16
Q

What do haematopoetic stem cells give rise to?

A
  • Monocytes
  • Macrophages
  • Lymphocytes
  • Mast cells
  • Blood cells
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17
Q

What are the 3 visible fibres of connective tissue?

A

Collagen, elastin, reticulin

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18
Q

What do fibroblasts secrete?

A

Tropocollagen, elastin

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19
Q

Type 1 collagen

A

Skin, bone and tendons

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20
Q

Type 2 collagen

A

Cartilage

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21
Q

Type 3 collagen

A

(aka reticulin)- liver, kidneys, bone marrow and spleen

22
Q

Type 4 collagen

A

Basement membrane

23
Q

Type 5 collagen

24
Q

Is cartilage avascular or vascular?

A

Avascular - derives blood supply from either side of the cartilage

25
Describe the synovium. What are 2 types of cells present? Vasculature and innervation?
- lines the insides of the joint capsule - Comprise 1-4 layers of synovial cells - Has Type A cells- phagocytes and type B cells - rich in rER - produces synovial fluid - Richly vascular and are highly innervated
26
What are the characteristics of smooth muscle?
Fusiform cells with a central (oval/flattened) nucleus. Have no striations Non branching
27
What epithelium are true and false vocal cords lined by?
False vocal cords- respiratory epithelium True vocal cords- non keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
28
What epithelium does the gallbladder have?
Simple columnar with a poorly developed brush border
29
What does the posterior pituitary store and secrete? What is the posterior pituitary?
Oxytocin and vasopressin (ADH) (Composed of axons and glial cells)- is a downward extension of the hypothalamus
30
Are endothelial cells richly vascularised?
Yes
31
What are the pituicytes present in the anterior pituitary and in what proportion?
Somatotrophs- 50% Lactotrophs- 25% Corticotrophs- 15-20% Gonadotrophs- 10% Thyrotrophs- 1%
32
What do the pituicytes of the anterior pituitary gland secrete?
Somatotrophs- Growth hormone Lactotrophs- Prolactin Corticotrophs- ACTH (glucocorticoids and androgens) Gonadotrophs- FSH and LH Thyrotrophs- TSH
33
How would you recognise lactotrophs on an immunohistochemical stain?
They are polygonal cells that have cytoplasmic processes wrapping around other cells
34
How how would you recognise thyrotrophs on an immunohistochemical stain?
They are more angular chromophobes with elongated cytoplasmic processes (that does not wrap around other cells like lactotrophs)
35
What shape are gonadotrophs?
round/oval cells
36
What are the supporting cells of the anterior pituitary?
Sustentacular cells (stained with S100)
37
What cells are present in the pineal gland and what do they secrete? What is brain sand?
Pinealocytes arranged in rosettes - They secrete melatonin Brain sand- calcium accumulating with increasing age (marker of midline in x rays)
38
What hormones does the thyroid gland secrete?
Thyroxine and calcitonin
39
Which cells secrete parathyroid hormone?
Chief cells of the parathyroid gland
40
Where are the islets of langerhans most populous?
In the pancreatic tail
41
What are the 4 cells of the endocrine pancreas. What proportion are they in?
Beta cells - insulin -70% Alpha cells- glucagon - 20% Delta cells- somatostatin 5-10% PP cells- pancreatic polypeptide 1-2%
42
What are the 3 layers of the adrenal cortex and what do they secrete? Describe each layer briefly
Zona glomerulosa- mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone) -- Thin, incomplete layer Zona fasciculata- glucocorticoids (Cortisol) -- most prominent layer with large polygonal cells and almost clear cytoplasm Zona reticularis- Androgenic steroids (columns of small polygonal cells)
43
What does the adrenal medulla produce and what is its histological description?
It comprises large, polyhedral chromaffin cells and secretes adrenaline and noradrenaline
44
Alcian blue stain
Stains - Mucous goblet cells - Mast cell granules - Cartilage matrix (GAG rich structures) Blue
45
Haematoxylin and eosin stain
Proteins- pink Keratin- orange/red Nuclei and RNA - blue
46
Iron haematoxylin
Nuclei and elastic fibres - black
47
Periodic acid schiff
Hexose sugars and complex carbohydrate containing structures (goblet cells, mucins, cartilage, glycogen, basement membrane) - Magenta
48
Perl's stain
Ferric iron - stained prussian blue
49
Romanovsky stains - Leishman's stains
Neutrophils, lymphocyte, monocyte, basophils - dark blue/purple Eosinophil- pale blue Erythrocytes - red
50
Toludine blue
Nuclei, ribosomes, cytoplasm - dark blue GAG rich components- bright purple
51
Van gieson's trichrome
Collagen- pink/red Cytoplasm- yellow/olive green Nuclei- black

Phase 1 finale (16 decks)

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