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Phase 1 finale > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What colour does Haematoxylin and Eosin stain cell nuclei and cytoplasm?

A

Cell nuclei- blue
Cytoplasm- pink
Collagen and elastin - also pink

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2
Q

Where are cytokeratins found

A

Epithelial cells

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3
Q

Where is desmin found

A

Myocytes

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4
Q

Where are glial fibrillary acidic proteins found

A

Astrocytic glial cells

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5
Q

Where are neurofilament proteins found

A

Neurons

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6
Q

Where is nuclear laminin found

A

Nuclei of all cells

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7
Q

Where is vimentin found?

A

Mesodermal cells

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8
Q

What does simple squamous epithelium line?

Characteristic of their nuclei

A

Endothelium (inside of blood vessels), mesothelium (outside of the lungs, alveoli) and peritoneum (abdominal organs)

Parallel oval nuclei

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9
Q

What does simple cuboidal epithelium line?

Characteristic of their nuclei

A

Kidney tubules, small ducts (salivary gland)

Central spherical nuclei

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10
Q

What does simple columnar epithelium line?

What is an additional characteristic?

A

Lines the stomach, intestines and uterus

May or may not have microvilli (small intestine) or cilia (respiratory tract, reproductive tract)

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11
Q

Where would you find stratified squamous non-keratinising epithelium?

A
  • In wet sites of the body that experiences lots of abrasion
  • Oesophagus, vagina, mouth
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12
Q

Where would you find stratified squamous keratinising epithelium?

A
  • The skin (e.g. when you take a shower, you do not absorb the water through your skin) - also when in a dry environment, water does not pass out of the skin in an uncontrolled manner

Thinner ones- skin on eyelids
Thicker layer of keratin- palms of hand and soles of feet

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13
Q

What are basement membranes made of? What stain should you use to identify it?

A

Type 4 collagen and fibronectin

Periodic acid schiff is used for basement membrane identification

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14
Q

What do mesenchymal cells give rise to?

A
  • Fibroblasts
  • Chrondroblasts
  • Obsteoblasts
  • Adipocytes (white and brown)
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15
Q

What are two origins of connective tissue cells?

A
  • Mesenchymal cells and haematopoetic stem cells
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16
Q

What do haematopoetic stem cells give rise to?

A
  • Monocytes
  • Macrophages
  • Lymphocytes
  • Mast cells
  • Blood cells
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17
Q

What are the 3 visible fibres of connective tissue?

A

Collagen, elastin, reticulin

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18
Q

What do fibroblasts secrete?

A

Tropocollagen, elastin

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19
Q

Type 1 collagen

A

Skin, bone and tendons

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20
Q

Type 2 collagen

A

Cartilage

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21
Q

Type 3 collagen

A

(aka reticulin)- liver, kidneys, bone marrow and spleen

22
Q

Type 4 collagen

A

Basement membrane

23
Q

Type 5 collagen

A

Placenta

24
Q

Is cartilage avascular or vascular?

A

Avascular - derives blood supply from either side of the cartilage

25
Q

Describe the synovium. What are 2 types of cells present? Vasculature and innervation?

A
  • lines the insides of the joint capsule
  • Comprise 1-4 layers of synovial cells
  • Has Type A cells- phagocytes and type B cells - rich in rER - produces synovial fluid
  • Richly vascular and are highly innervated
26
Q

What are the characteristics of smooth muscle?

A

Fusiform cells with a central (oval/flattened) nucleus.
Have no striations
Non branching

27
Q

What epithelium are true and false vocal cords lined by?

A

False vocal cords- respiratory epithelium
True vocal cords- non keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

28
Q

What epithelium does the gallbladder have?

A

Simple columnar with a poorly developed brush border

29
Q

What does the posterior pituitary store and secrete?

What is the posterior pituitary?

A

Oxytocin and vasopressin (ADH)

(Composed of axons and glial cells)- is a downward extension of the hypothalamus

30
Q

Are endothelial cells richly vascularised?

A

Yes

31
Q

What are the pituicytes present in the anterior pituitary and in what proportion?

A

Somatotrophs- 50%
Lactotrophs- 25%
Corticotrophs- 15-20%
Gonadotrophs- 10%
Thyrotrophs- 1%

32
Q

What do the pituicytes of the anterior pituitary gland secrete?

A

Somatotrophs- Growth hormone
Lactotrophs- Prolactin
Corticotrophs- ACTH (glucocorticoids and androgens)
Gonadotrophs- FSH and LH
Thyrotrophs- TSH

33
Q

How would you recognise lactotrophs on an immunohistochemical stain?

A

They are polygonal cells that have cytoplasmic processes wrapping around other cells

34
Q

How how would you recognise thyrotrophs on an immunohistochemical stain?

A

They are more angular chromophobes with elongated cytoplasmic processes (that does not wrap around other cells like lactotrophs)

35
Q

What shape are gonadotrophs?

A

round/oval cells

36
Q

What are the supporting cells of the anterior pituitary?

A

Sustentacular cells

(stained with S100)

37
Q

What cells are present in the pineal gland and what do they secrete?

What is brain sand?

A

Pinealocytes arranged in rosettes
- They secrete melatonin

Brain sand- calcium accumulating with increasing age (marker of midline in x rays)

38
Q

What hormones does the thyroid gland secrete?

A

Thyroxine and calcitonin

39
Q

Which cells secrete parathyroid hormone?

A

Chief cells of the parathyroid gland

40
Q

Where are the islets of langerhans most populous?

A

In the pancreatic tail

41
Q

What are the 4 cells of the endocrine pancreas. What proportion are they in?

A

Beta cells - insulin -70%
Alpha cells- glucagon - 20%
Delta cells- somatostatin 5-10%
PP cells- pancreatic polypeptide 1-2%

42
Q

What are the 3 layers of the adrenal cortex and what do they secrete?

Describe each layer briefly

A

Zona glomerulosa- mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone) – Thin, incomplete layer

Zona fasciculata- glucocorticoids (Cortisol) – most prominent layer with large polygonal cells and almost clear cytoplasm

Zona reticularis- Androgenic steroids (columns of small polygonal cells)

43
Q

What does the adrenal medulla produce and what is its histological description?

A

It comprises large, polyhedral chromaffin cells and secretes adrenaline and noradrenaline

44
Q

Alcian blue stain

A

Stains
- Mucous goblet cells
- Mast cell granules
- Cartilage matrix
(GAG rich structures)

Blue

45
Q

Haematoxylin and eosin stain

A

Proteins- pink
Keratin- orange/red
Nuclei and RNA - blue

46
Q

Iron haematoxylin

A

Nuclei and elastic fibres - black

47
Q

Periodic acid schiff

A

Hexose sugars and complex carbohydrate containing structures (goblet cells, mucins, cartilage, glycogen, basement membrane) - Magenta

48
Q

Perl’s stain

A

Ferric iron - stained prussian blue

49
Q

Romanovsky stains - Leishman’s stains

A

Neutrophils, lymphocyte, monocyte, basophils - dark blue/purple
Eosinophil- pale blue
Erythrocytes - red

50
Q

Toludine blue

A

Nuclei, ribosomes, cytoplasm - dark blue
GAG rich components- bright purple

51
Q

Van gieson’s trichrome

A

Collagen- pink/red
Cytoplasm- yellow/olive green
Nuclei- black

Phase 1 finale (16 decks)

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