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Endocrine Test Block 3 > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

how do cells comunicate?

A

gap junctions

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2
Q

What are the different types of secretions?

A

autocrine secretion(secretes by itself)
paracrine(stimulates the one beside it)
endocrine(uses circulation to take secreted hormones to peripheral tissues)
synaptic(uses nerve ends)

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3
Q

What are hormones made of?

A

fatty acid/ steroid derivatives (cholesterol compounds)

Proteins/peptides

aminoacid derivatives

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4
Q

What are the cholesterol derived hormones secreted by?

A

adrenal cortex,ovaries and testes

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5
Q

What are the protein/peptide derived hormones secreted by?

A

hypothalamus
pituitary gland
pancreas
enteroendocrine cells

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6
Q

What are the amino acid derived hormones secreted by?

A

adrenal medulla and nuerons

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7
Q

What are the divisions of the pituitary gland?

A

adenohypophysis(anterior lobe)
neurohypophysis(posterior lobe)

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8
Q

Subdivisions of Adenohypophysis?

A

pars distalis
pars tuberalis
pars intermedia

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9
Q

Subdivisions of neurohypophysis?

A

pars nervosa
infundibular stalk/stem
median eminence

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10
Q

What does the Adenohypophysis do vs what the neurohypophysis?

A

adeno= secretes hormones
neuro=save up the hormones that were produced by the hypothalamus

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11
Q

Neurohypophysis contains axons that extend from?

A

Hypothalamus passing infundibulum stalk into the posterior lobe. Hypothalamus nuclei that extend the axons are paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei

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12
Q

Supraoptic nuclei produces which hormone?

A

ADH

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13
Q

Paraventricular nuclei produces which hormone?

A

oxytocin

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14
Q

Anterior lobe is composed of what epithelium?

A

glandular epithelium

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15
Q

Posterior lobe is composed of what?

A

nervous tissue

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16
Q

What is the arrow showing?

A

Rathke pouche( which are colloid filled cysts) (protein accumulations)

17
Q

Anterior lobe(adenohypophysis) is divided into 2 type cells?

A

Chromophils(color)(have acidophils and basophils)
Chromophobes(colorless)

18
Q

Anterior pituitary(adenohypophysis) acidophils cells are?

A

Somatotroph(produce GH)(cause growth of tisssue,organs,bone)
Mammotroph(produce PRL)(stimulate milk production)

19
Q

Anterior pituitary(adenohypophysis) basophils cells are?

A

Corticotroph(produce ACTH)(stimulate adrenal hormone release from adrenal cortex)
Gonadotroph(produce LH,FSH)(cause spermatogenesis and stimulates follicule development in ovaries)
Thyrotroph(produce TSH)(stimulate thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones)

20
Q

Pars distalis of Anterior pituitary is composed of which cells?

A

Chromophobes
*do not stain because very little cytoplasm
*have phagocytic capabilities as well as stem cell capabilities
*act as stem cells to regenerate parenchymal cells that were lost
*help support chromophils
*help chromophils release their hormones

21
Q

Where are the hormones produced in the hypothalamus stored in the posterior lobe(neurohypophysis)?

A

Herring bodies(store ADH and oxytocin)

22
Q

What are the pituicytes?

A

pituicytess are cells located inside of the herring bodies. Help support/keep healthy the axons and the herring bodies

23
Q

How are the Thyroid gland cells arranged?

A

arranged in spherical structures. there are surrounding colloid(accumulations of proteins).
can be called:thyrocytes,follicular cells and principal cells

24
Q

Where does the thyroid hormone form in the thyroid gland tissue cells?

A

inside the colloid area

25
Q

Thyroid colloid contains what kind of protein?

A

thyroglobulin
(thyroglobulin is used as pre cursor to activate thyroid hormones)(since the colloid is where the thyroid hormones are formed than we need thyroglobulin here)

26
Q

What are the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland?

A

cells that do not colloid area
(produce calcitonin which regulates Ca in our body)(reduces osteoclast action)
- parafolicular cells are also called C cells
Calcitonin is an antagonist to PTH( because when Ca is high than calcitonin is released to lower Ca levels)

27
Q

Where are the Parathyroid gland located?

A

behind the thyroid gland (has 2 in the superior and 2 in the inferior

28
Q

What are the parathyroid gland cells?

A

oxyfils and functional/chief cells or principal cells.

Oxyfils= larger than chief cells and usually are chief cells but that got older
chief cells= secrete PTH

29
Q

What does the PTH(parathyroid hormone) do?

A

controls levels of Ca+.

ex: If we have patient that is constantly having low Ca+ it means that PTH is constantly being stimulated(by PTH being constantly secreted that means that there is a hypertrophy of the chief cell because it enlarge and thus constantly is secreting PTH)

30
Q

Adrenal gland divides into?

A

cortex and medulla

31
Q

What does the adrenal CORTEX divide into?

A

Zona glomerulosa( salt)(mineralcorticoids)(ex: aldosterone which helps to control de ions Na+/K+)
Zona fasiculatta(sugar)(glucocorticoids)(ex. cortisol)(produce increase of glucose to reduce inflammation)
Zona reticularis(sex)(androgens)(ex. DHEA and antiosdione)

32
Q

What does the adrenal MEDULLA secrete?

A

Catecholamines (epinephrine)(adrenaline)(norepinephrine)(control sympathetic system)

33
Q

Zona fasicullata has one specific type of cell, what is it called?

A

spongiocysts(have a large quantity of lipids and store cholesterol)

34
Q

Medulla has one type of cell, what is it called?

A

chromaffin cells(dye brown because they have catecholamines inside)(are considered to be sympathetic post ganglionic cells because have sympathetic innervation)

35
Q

Endocrine Pancreas are composed of what type of cell?

A

Islet of Laangerhands

36
Q

Islet of Laangerhans(of the endocrine pancreas) divide into what type of cells?

A

A cell(alpha)=secrete glucagon
B cell(beta)=secrete insulin
D cell(delta)=secrete somastatin
F cell(PP)=secrete pancreatic polypeptides
Epsilon cell=secrete Ghrelin(related to hunger)

37
Q

Where is the pineal gland located?

A

posterior wall of the brain in the third ventricle

Endocrine Test Block 3 (3 decks)

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