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Module 6: Repro/Endocrine > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 types of cells present in the adenohypophysis?

A

Chromophobe

Basophil

Acidophil

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2
Q

What do the pituitary basophils secrete?

A

BFLAT

Basophils secrete:

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (from gonadotrophs)

Luteinizing Hormone (from gonadotrophs)

Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

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3
Q

What do pituitary acidophils secrete?

A

APG

Acidophils Secrete:

Prolactin (from lactotrophs)

Growth Hormone (somatotrophin from somatotrophs)

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4
Q

What does Growth Hormone do?

A

Somatotrophin:

  • Stimulates production of somatomedins
  • Necessary for normal growth; most obvious effect is on cartilage
  • Has other complex metabolic effects
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5
Q

What does prolactin do?

A

Initiates and maintains milk production

  • In males, has effects on secondary sexual glands such as prostate
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6
Q

What hormones do corticotrophs produce?

A

ACTH

Beta-endorphin

Beta-Lipotropin

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7
Q

What hormones do gonadotrphs produce?

A

FSH

LH

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8
Q

What hormones do thyrotrophs produce?

A

Thyrotropin

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9
Q

What type of capillaries are present in the pituitary gland?

A

Fenestrated with diaphragms

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10
Q

What is “brainsand”?

A

Calcium and mineral deposits present in the pineal body

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11
Q

What is the process of sympathetic innervation of the pineal gland when the eyes are exposed to light?

A

Light is detected by the eye –> suprachiasmatic nucleus –> sympathetic central pathways –> superior cervical ganglioin –> pineal gland –> inhibit release of melatonin

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12
Q

What are the effects of melatonin?

A

Increased secretion at night leads to:

metabolic changes in the CNS and liver

Targets the retina, CNS, pituitary, and others affecting:
Circadian rhythm
Reproduction
Aging
Diseases:
- SAD
- MS
- Immune deficiencies

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13
Q

What is the endocrine control of the male reproductive system; where does it come from?

A

Hypothalamus and Pituitary:

  • FSH
  • LH
  • Prolactin
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14
Q

What are the accessory glands of the male reproductive system? What do they do?

A

Seminal Vesicles

Prostate

Bulbourethral glands

–> All release lubricands and nutrients that support sperm

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15
Q

What are the excretory ducts of the male reproductive system? Why are they necessary?

A

Tubuli recti

Rete testis

Ductuli efferentes

Ductus epididymis

Vas deferens

Ejaculatory duct

Urethra

–> required for sperm maturation and delivery

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16
Q

What do the peritubular contractile (myoid) cells of the seminiferous tubule do?

A

Provide peristaltic waves, easy to mistaken for fibroblasts

17
Q

What are Type A dark (Ad) spermatogonia?

A

Cells with ovid nuclei with intesnsely basophilic, finely granular chromatin.

  • Stem cells of the seminiferous epithelium
  • Divide to give rise to either type Ad spermatogonia or type Ap spermatogonia
18
Q

What are Type A Pale (Ap) spermatogonia?

A

Cells with ovid nuclei with lightly staining, finely granular chromatin

  • Committed to differentiation process that produces sperm
  • Undergo several successive mitotic divisions, thereby increasing their number
19
Q

What are type B spermatogonia?

A

cells with spherical nuclei with chromatin that is condensed into large clumps along the nuclear envelope and around a central nucleolus

20
Q

What are sertoli cells? What are their functions?

A

non-replicating support cells for the developing sperm

Functions:

  • Sertoli-Sertoli cell junctional complex creates the blood-testis barrier (because haploid spermatogenic cells are “foreign” to the body)
  • Support and nutrition of spermatozoa: metabolites, collect “waste”
  • Phagocytosis: residual bodies, failing cells, etc
  • Secretion of fluid and testis-specific proteins: androgen binding protein
  • Synthesis of inhibin: feedback on FSH in the pituitary
21
Q

Where does meiosis occur in sperm?

A

Primary spermatocytes = 1st meiotic cell division

Secondary spermatocytes = 2nd meiotic cell division

22
Q

What is the succession of cell types that ends in motile sperm?

A

Type Ad spermatogonia –> Type Ap spermatogonia (which replicate a lot) –> Type B spermatogonia –> Primary spermatocytes –> secondary spermatocytes –> early spermatids –> late spermatids –> spermatozoa + residual bodies –> motile sperm after epididymis, but not activated –> activation of sperm ocurs in female genital tract

23
Q

What is the golgi phase of spermatogenesis?

A

Proacrosomal granules in the golgi complex fuse –> acrosomal vesicles

(golgi phase –> acrosomal phase –> maturation phase)

24
Q

What is the acrosomal phase of spermatogenesis?

A

Acrosomal vesicle expands (hyaluronidase, phosphatase, protease, etc are produced), flagellum forms, mitochondria condenses

(Golgi phase –> acrosomal phase –> maturation phase)

25
Q

What is the maturation phase of spermatogenesis?

A

Cytoplasm is shed (residual bodies are released and get phagocytosed by sertoli cells), spermatozoa are released

(Golgi phase –> acrosomal phase –> maturation phase)

26
Q

What are Leydig cells?

A

Cells of the interstitium testis that synthesize and secrete testosterone (appear as crystals of Reinke)

27
Q

What are the tubuli recti?

A

Straight tubules

Short, straightened terminal end of the seminiferous tubules

  • contain sertoli-like cells (initial portions)
  • no germ cell component
  • connect seminiferous tubules to rete testis
28
Q

What are the rete testis?

A

Complex, interconnected channels in the mediastinum testis

  • simple cuboidal or low columnar epithelium
  • with apical cilia and microvilli
29
Q

What are the ductuli Efferentes?

A

Connect rete testis to ductus epididymis, moe sperm, absorb fluid

–> pseudostratified, ciliated columnar epithelium

30
Q

What is the structure and function of the epididymis?

A

Structure:
Pseudostratified epithelium with stereocilia

(basal cells are undifferentiated progenitors)

**Function:**
 Sperm maturation (sperm gain motility), phagocytosis (debris from broken sperm and maturation process), secretion, absorption of fluid
31
Q

What is the structure and function of ductus deferens?

A

Structure:
Three thick layers of smooth muscle, epithelial surface covered by stereocilia

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with long microvilli

Function:
To propel sperm by providing strong, peristaltic motions during ejaculation

32
Q

What is the structure and function of seminal vesicles?

A

Structure:
Paired, highly folded tubular gland covered by pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Function:
- Secrete fluid containing:
fructose
prostaglandins
etc
- The fluid is the “propellant” for the sperm, it is discharged during ejaculation due to the contractions

33
Q

What is the structure and function of the prostate gland?

A

Structure:
Tubulo-alveolar glands that empty into the prostatic urethra

Function:
Synthesizes and secretes:
Acid Phosphatase (PSA)
Fibrolysin
Citric acid

–> all a part of semen

34
Q

What is the structure and function of the Bulbourethal Glands (Cowper’s)?

A

Structure:
Pea-sized, paired tubuloalveolar gland
Simple columnar epithelium, resembling mucus secretory gland

Function:
Secretes preseminal, mucus-like fluid, lubricant

35
Q

What is the hormonal process of menarche?

A

Pulses of GnRH stimulate the release of FSH and LH

  • Increase in FSH and LH –> increased estrogen
  • Increased estrogen –> breast enlargement, altered fat distribution, and growth spurt

–> after a year, sufficient estrogen is produced to induce endometrial changes resulitng in periodic bleeding

36
Q

What is the hormonal process of the menstrual cycle?

A

At the beginning of the cycle, one follicle develops under influence of FSH

–> FSH and LH cause granulosa cells to secrete E

  • E stimulates proliferation of the endometrium (proliferative phase)
  • E peaks and begins to drop just before ovulation
    Now FSH and LH surge causing ovulation
  • Follicle becomes corpus luteum (CL) and cells of the CL produce E and Progesterone (P)
  • P stimulates glandular endometrium (secretory phase)
  • If no pregnancy, CL degenerates and menses occurs
37
Q

What is the biosynthesis of estradiol-17ß?

A

Estriol –>–> Estrone – Estradiol-17ß

(occurs in the ovary)

38
Q
A

Module 6: Repro/Endocrine (28 decks)

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