Histology

Question 1

When referring to skeletal muscle cells, what does the term syncytial infer about the cell?

describe some elements of a skeletal muscle cell

Answer 1

It is multinucleated

striated, unbrached, multinucleated

Question 2

Why are nuclei found at the periphery of skeletal muscle cells?

Answer 2

The cytoskeleton pushes them to the cell peripheries

Question 3

The bundles muscle fibres are grouped into are called what?

Answer 3

Fascicles - muscle typically contains several

Question 4

What is the term given to connective tissue around the muscle as a whole?

Answer 4

Epimysium

Question 5

What is the term given to connective tissue around the individual fascicles?

Answer 5

Perimysium

Question 6

What is the term given to connective tissue around a single muscle fibre?

Answer 6

Endomysium

Question 7

What is a motor unit?

Answer 7

A single motor neurone and all of the muscle fibres it innervates

Question 8

By definition a sarcomere extends between which consectutive points?

Answer 8

Between consecutive Z-lines

Question 9

What are the types of skeletal muscle?

Answer 9

1. Type I
2. Type IIa
3. Type IIb

Question 10

What is type I muscle?

Answer 10

• Slow fibres
• Rely on oxidative metabolism
• Abdundant mitochondria and myoglobin
• Resistant to fatigue
• Produce less force
• Red in colour

Question 11

What is type IIa muscle?

Answer 11

• Relatively fast
• Relatively resistant to fatigue
• Relatively uncommon

Question 12

What is type IIb muscle?

Answer 12

• Fast
• Depend on anaerobic metabolism
• Few mitochondria and myoglobin
• Fatigue easily
• Produce more force
• White in colour

Question 13

How are chondrocytes nourished?

Answer 13

Diffusion from the extracellular matrix

Question 14

What is the space within the extracellular matrix that chondrocytes reside?

Answer 14

Lacuna

Question 15

What are chondrocytes responsible for secreting and maintaining?

Answer 15

The extracellular matirx around them

Question 16

What is the extracellular matrix comprised of?

Answer 16

• Water (75%)
• Type II collagen
• Proteoglycan aggregates

Question 17

What are the three type of cartilage?

Answer 17

1. Hyaline cartilage ( comes from the greek glassy)
2. Fibrocartiliage
3. Elastic cartilage

Question 18

What is the most common form of cartilage?

Answer 18

Hyaline cartilage

Question 19

By looking at a transverse section of a bone, two main bone types can be identified. What are these?

Answer 19

1. Cortical bone (dense outer shell)
2. Trabecular (cancellous) bone (fine inner meshwork)

Question 20

What is the term given to cylindrical structures within bone composed of coincentric laminae?

Answer 20

Osteon - layers built on top of eachother and have a grain so are very strong like plywood

Question 21

What are Volkmann’s canals?

Answer 21

Small channels in the bone that transmit blood vessels from the periosteum into the bone. They transmit blood between osteons

Question 22

What are Haversion canals?

Answer 22

Small blood vessels within osteons and bone. They are interconnected by Volkmann’s canals

Question 23

Which cells are responsible for bone resorption?

Answer 23

Osteoclasts

Question 24

What are the bone forming cells?

Answer 24

Osteoblasts

Question 25

What is the name given to a cell used to form bone that becomes trapped within the bone matrix?

Answer 25

Osteocytes

Question 26

What does sarco mean?

Answer 26

Meat/ flesh

Question 27

what does each muscle fibre contain?

Answer 27

many myofibrils, with each myofibril containing many sarcomeres

sarcomeres are the unit of contraction in a muscle fibre

Question 28

what is the etymology of synovial?

Answer 28

synonym, ovial (egg white) put it togther you get “like egg white”

Question 29

what is the diaphysis and epiphysis?

Answer 29

An outer shell of dense cortical bone makes up the shaft (diaphysis).

Cancellous or trabecular bone occupies the ends of the bone (the epiphyses). Cancellous bone is a fine meshwork of bone that looks a bit like the inside of an Aero bar.