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Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Fixation

A

Stabilization of structure (formalin)

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2
Q

Cytological staining

A

Overview staining
Cytochemical: identify specifics in the cell

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3
Q

4 basic types of tissue

A

Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue
Cells from the same type share embryonic origin

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4
Q

Germ layers

A

Ectoderm: epithelial, nervous (nervous tissue, skin)
Endoderm: epithelial (digestive tissue, lung)
Mesoderm: epithelial, connective, muscle (muscle, connective tissue)

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5
Q

Types of epithelial tissue

A

Covering epithelia (skin)
Glands (invagination of epithelial layers)

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6
Q

Epithelial cell shapes and layers

A

Squamous, cuboidal, columnar
Simple, stratified, pseudo stratified

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7
Q

Characteristics of epithelial tissue

A

No blood circulation
Polarized (apical (microvilli, cilia) and basolateral)
Surface specializations
Presence of a basal membrane

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8
Q

Tight Junction

A

§ Around the whole cell
§ Tight junction proteins function like a zipper
§ Prevent transport between cells
§ Membrane proteins of both cells are compartmentalized to keep them separated (apical and basolateral).

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9
Q

Adhesion belt

A

§ Around the whole cell
§ Adhesion between cells
§ Made by cadherins (transmembrane-linker proteins)
§ Intercellular: widened
§ Intracellular: connected with actin

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10
Q

Gap Junction

A

Intercellular transport
Connexins (Transmembrane proteins)
Transport of ions, amino acids, molecules, certain hormones

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11
Q

Button desmosome

A

Makes the strongest connection between cells
Intracellular: connected with intermediate filaments (e.g. keratin)

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12
Q

Hemidesmosome

A

Integrins (transmembrane-linker proteins): Connect the cell (its intermediate filaments) with connective tissue underneath

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13
Q

Basal domain

A

Hemidesmosomes
Basal lamina
Plasma membrane invaginations (basal labyrinth)

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14
Q

Gland tissue cells

A

Parenchyma (gland cells)
Stroma (connective tissue)

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15
Q

Types of glands

A

Exocrine glands: release via duct to epithelial surface
Endocrine glands: release of hormones directly to the lumen, no duct

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16
Q

Methods of secretion

A

Merocrine
Apocrine: part of a cell is secreted
Holocrine: whole cell is secreted

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17
Q

Protein-producing gland

A

Components: ribosomes, RER, Golgi (glycolysation of proteins and sorting of proteins: secretion vessels, cell membrane, lysosomes)

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18
Q

Exocytosis

A

Release of product on the cellular surface

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19
Q

Steroids-producing glands

A

Extensive smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Specialized mitochondria (specific steps in cholesterol synthesis)
No storage of steroid in the cell

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20
Q

Types of connective tissue

A

Loose and dense connective tissue
Cartilage and bone
Blood and lymph
Endothelium and mesothelium

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21
Q

Functional classification connective tissue

A

Supportive connective tissue
Metabolic connective tissue (supply of oxygen and nutrients, metabolites, storage of energy (fat), immune system

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22
Q

Dense connective tissue cells

A

Fibroblasts
Matrix: ground substance and fibers (e.g. collagen)

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23
Q

Collagen types

A

Type I: in tendons, and in bone
Type II: thin fibers in cartilage
Type III: thin fibers in reticular connective tissue
Type IV: basal lamina

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24
Q

Collagen synthesis

A

In RER and Golgi
Secreted via a constitutive route
Self-assembly of tropocollagen into collagen fibers in the extracellular matrix (triple helix)
Overlapping and gap regions determine the thickness

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25
Reticular connective tissue
Meshwork of thin fibers Predominantly in basal membranes and around organs For adhesion of epithelium to connective tissue
26
Basal membrane
Basal lamina: synthesized by epithelium Lamina reticularis: synthesized by fibroblasts
27
Elastic connective tissue (composition, synthesized, present in)
Composition: microfibrils (fibrillin) and elastin Synthesized by fibroblasts, chondrocytes and smooth muscle cells Present in elastic dense connective tissue, elastic cartilage and blood vessels
28
Cartilage
Specialized connective tissue Forms embryonic skeleton Joints, nose, ears, trachea Chondrocytes (cells) and matrix
29
3 types of cartilage
Hyaline, Elastic, Fibro
30
Hyaline
Location: between the tips of ribs and bones of sternum; covering bone surfaces at synovial joints; supporting larynx (voice box), trachea, and bronchi, forming part of nasal septum. Function: provides stiff but somewhat flexible support; reduces friction between bony surfaces.
31
Elastic
Locations: Auricle of external ear; epiglottis; auditory canal; cuneiform cartilages of larynx Functions: Provides support but tolerates distortion without damage and returns to original shape.
32
Fibro (location and function)
Locations: pads within knee joint; between public bones of pelvis; intervertebral discs Functions: resists compression, prevents bone-to-bone contact; limits relative movement
33
Characteristics cartilage
Surrounded by tissue membrane: perichondrium No blood circulation, only diffusion No nerves
34
Growth cartilage (2x)
Interstitial growth: generation of isogenic group of cells (chondrons) (make new matrix) Appositional growth: from perichondrium
35
dCells in matrix and fibres
Matrix: osteocytes Fibers: collagen
36
Ground substance bone
Proteoglycans and calcium salts (phosphate and carbonate)
37
Osteocyte
Mature bone cell that maintains the bone matrix Located in small chambers: lacunae Connected via passageways in matrix: canaliculli
38
Osteoblast
Immature bone cell that secretes organic components of matrix
39
Osteoprogenitor cell
Stem cell whose divisions produce osteoblasts
40
Osteoclas
Multinucleate cell that secretes acids and enzymes to dissolve bone matrix Produced in bone marrow (marcophage-like) Dissolve & remove bone matrix
41
Periosteum
Tissue membrane outside of bone Inner layer:: osteogenic layer with osteoprogenitor cells Outer layer: fibrous layer with collagen bundles Fibers of Sharpey: connect tendons with bone (through periosteum)
42
Endosteum
Thin osteogenic layer on inner surface of bone
43
Matrix synthesis
Osteoid = fibers and ground substance (by osteoblasts) Deposition of calcium salts
44
Ossification and growth
Bone formation Intermembranous: direct from mesenchyme and fibroblasts Endochondral: indirect from cartilage
45
Endochondral ossification (definition + 6 steps)
Enlargement of chondrocytes 1. calcification of cartilage matrix in diaphysis 2. fusion of lacunae in cartilage 3. vascularization of center of the diaphysis (primary ossification center) 4. osteoblasts and osteoclasts appear (from perichondrium and blood vessels) 5. bone formation and continuous remodeling 6. start of ossification of epiphysis (secondary ossification center)
46
Epiphyseal plate
Longitudinal growth Proliferation, maturation and hypertrophy, calcification, deposition of bone
47
Bone remodeling new canals
Canals are larger than they need to be Deposition of bone layers (lamellae) Generation os osteons, central canals (Haversion) and perforating canals (Volkmann's)
48
Erythocytes (red blood cells)
Specialized in transport of oxygen, contain hemoglobin, bot no cell organelles or nucleus Produced in bone marrow, under control of erythropoietin (EPO)
49
Granulocytes
Neutrophils: phagocytose and kill bacteria; accute inflammation Eosinophils: parasite infection Basophil: vasodilation (histamine in vesicles); allergic reaction
50
Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes: immunological defence, antibody production Monocytes, macrophages: phagocytose diverse foreign proteins/invading pathogens and regulate immune response
51
Platelets
Cell fragments, produced by megakaryocytes Contain enzymes that function in blood coagulation (clotting)
52
3 types of muscle tissue
Skeletal, cardiac, smooth (not striated)
53
3 types of skeletal muscle
red muscle: slow, long and deep contraction, myoglobin (back) White muscle: fast contraction, not able to contract continuously (eye) Intermdiate: characteristics of both; most common
54
Layers of skeletal muscles (5)
Epimysium: outisde of the muscle Perimysium: capsule surrounding the muscle bundle Fasicle sarcollema: 1 muscle fiber (microfibrils surrounded by sarcoplasic reticulum. T tubules are in contact with sarcolemma Endomysium: connective tissue surrounding the muscle fiber Sarcoplasm: cytoplasm of the muscle fiber
55
Sacromere lines
M-line: thick filament (myosin) Z-line: thin filament (actin)
56
Sarcomere zones and band
H-zone: thick filaments I-zone: thin filaments A-band: length of thick filaments
57
Sarcomere contraction
Z-lines come towards each other, H-band is not visible, I-band length decreases, A-band stays the same
58
Composition muscle fibers
Contracting unit: sarcomere Contracting elementss: myofibrils, containing actin and myosin Movement: sliding filament-theory of Huxley
59
Myofilaments
Actin Tropomyosin: round actin filaments Troponin: TnT (binds tropomyosin), TnC (binds calcium), TnI (inhibits interaction between actin and myosin)
60
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Comparable to smooth ER, contains a lot of calcium ions, presence of terminal cisternae T-tubule (invagination of the sarcolemma; conduction of action potential
61
Triad system
T-tubule and 2 terminal cisternae Action potential opens voltage dependent calium channels, leading to release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and subsequent muscle contraction Surrounds every myofibril
62
Cardiac muslce (7)
Unicellular (one nucleus), myofibrils organized like in skeletal muscle, cells in rows, do ramify, intercalated disks, poor developed sarcoplasmic reticulum (calcium can enter from outside the cell), innervation by specialized cardiac muscle cells, cross striation on cells
63
Intercalated disks
fascia (zonula) adherentes, desmosomes and gap junctions (nexus)
64
Smooth muscle tissue
In gut, blood vessels, skin, urinary tracts Spindle shaped, unicellular (one nucleus), contraction is mediated by actin and myosin but mechanism is different than for striated muscle Contraction slower, nearly absence of sarcoplasmic reticulum Innervation by autonomic nervous system Not every muscle cell needs to be innervated: excitation conduction by gap-junctions Contraction of smooth muscle happens by contraction of dense bodies (where actin and myosin meet)
65
Nervous tissue
Derived from ectoderm Central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) Peripheral nervous system (the rest: limbs, gut) Afferent system: sensory information Efferent system: motor commands
66
Nervous tissue neurons
Nucleus Soma (cell body) Dendrites (recieve information) Axons (send information)
67
Neuroglia
Supporting cells Maintain physical structures of tissues Repair tissue framework after injury Perform phagocytosis Provide nutrients to neurons Regulate the composition of the interstitial fluid surrounding neurons
68
Chemical messengers
Acetylcholine Amino acids Biogenic amines
69
Synaptic cleft
Space between presynaptic and postsynaptic cells
70
Layers of neurons
Endoneurium Perineurium Epineurium
71
Peripheral nervous system
Satellite cells support cell bodies Schwann cells secrete neurotrophic factors (also form myelin sheaths)
72
Schwann cells
Ensheath exons in the primary nervous system Make myelin sheats, which enhances conduction velocity of action potentials in axons Nodes of Ranvier: for saltatory conduction Have 1 nucleus, synthesize myelin
73
Central nervous system glial cells
Oligodendrocytes form myelin sheaths Astrocytes Microglia act as scavengers Ependyma cells form barriers for compartments
74
Oligodendrocytes
Form myelin sheaths Predominantly present in white matter Formation of myelin sheet around neuronal axons in the central nervous system (comparable to schwann cells in the primary nervous system) Have 1 nucleus, synthesize myelin
75
Astrocytes
Form support for central nervous system Help from blood-brain barrier Secrete neutrophic factors Take up K+ neurotransmitters that are spilled from the synapse Ionic homeostasis Neuronal support: production of growth factose Response to injury/inflammation: phagocytosis, scar formation (gliosis)
76
Microglia (modified immune cells)
Act as scavengers Are present in white and grey matter Closely related to macrophages (and therefore classified as connective tissue, not nervous tissue) Divide and migrate Phenotype (morphology) depends on their state of activation
77
Tissue membranes in digestive system
Mucous membrane Serous membrane Cutneous membrane Synovial membrane
78
Mucous membrane
Line passageways or chambers that are open to the exterior (digestive or respiratory system) Epithelia surface is kept moist to reduce friction and improve absorption or secretion
79
Serous membrane
Line passageways or chambers that are not open to exterior Thin and firm Transudate: liquid to reduce friction Cover the organs (serosa)
80
Cutaneous membrane
Skin, thick, waterproof, dry
81
Synovial membrane
Lines lumen in the joint Produces synovial fluid (lubricant) Protects the ends of articular bones Do not contain a 'true' epithelium (Covering cells are connective tissue)
82
General histological build up digestive system
Mucosa Submucosa Muscularis externa Serosa
83
Mucosa (3x)
Epithelium (stratified squamous) Lamina propria (connective tissue) Muscularis mucosa (circular longitudinal muscles)
84
Submucosa
Connective tissue Plexus submucosa
85
Muscularis externa
Circular and longitudinal muscles Plexus myentricus (ganglia)
86
Serosa (adventitia)
Tissue membrane
87
Small intestine increase surface area by
Plicae circularis (circular folds: mucosa and submucosa) Intestinal vili (lamina propria) Microvili (apical cell membrane of epithelial cells)
88
Mucosa small intestine
Epithelium Absorbing cells: take up water and nutrients, microvili, glycocalyx (protection and terminal digestion dipeptides and disaccharides), lateral cellular connections (firm attachment and closure os connective tissue underneath), muscularis mucosae (circular and longitudinal)
89
Submucosa small intestine
Dense fibro-elastic connective tissue Many lymphatic and vascular components Presence of neural plexus (submucosa)
90
Muscularis externa and submucosa small intestine
Circular and longitudinal muscles Plexus myentricus (regulates peristalsis) Serosa: tissue membrane lining the intestine, connceted to peritoneum
91
Enteric system contains many ganglia in the
plexus submucosa: in the submucosa (movement of the mucosa, secretory activity) Plexus myentricus: between the circular and longitudinal muscles of the muscularis externa (peristalsis) The plexi contain sensory neurons that gather information on the content of the intestines (submucosa) and the extend of the expansion (myentricus) The sympathetic (action) and parasympathetic (rest and digest) system modulate the enteric system (innervation)

Cell Biology - Histology (4 decks)

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