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Cell Biology - Histology > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Fixation

A

Stabilization of structure (formalin)

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2
Q

Cytological staining

A

Overview staining
Cytochemical: identify specifics in the cell

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3
Q

4 basic types of tissue

A

Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue
Cells from the same type share embryonic origin

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4
Q

Germ layers

A

Ectoderm: epithelial, nervous (nervous tissue, skin)
Endoderm: epithelial (digestive tissue, lung)
Mesoderm: epithelial, connective, muscle (muscle, connective tissue)

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5
Q

Types of epithelial tissue

A

Covering epithelia (skin)
Glands (invagination of epithelial layers)

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6
Q

Epithelial cell shapes and layers

A

Squamous, cuboidal, columnar
Simple, stratified, pseudo stratified

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7
Q

Characteristics of epithelial tissue

A

No blood circulation
Polarized (apical (microvilli, cilia) and basolateral)
Surface specializations
Presence of a basal membrane

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8
Q

Tight Junction

A

§ Around the whole cell
§ Tight junction proteins function like a zipper
§ Prevent transport between cells
§ Membrane proteins of both cells are compartmentalized to keep them separated (apical and basolateral).

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9
Q

Adhesion belt

A

§ Around the whole cell
§ Adhesion between cells
§ Made by cadherins (transmembrane-linker proteins)
§ Intercellular: widened
§ Intracellular: connected with actin

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10
Q

Gap Junction

A

Intercellular transport
Connexins (Transmembrane proteins)
Transport of ions, amino acids, molecules, certain hormones

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11
Q

Button desmosome

A

Makes the strongest connection between cells
Intracellular: connected with intermediate filaments (e.g. keratin)

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12
Q

Hemidesmosome

A

Integrins (transmembrane-linker proteins): Connect the cell (its intermediate filaments) with connective tissue underneath

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13
Q

Basal domain

A

Hemidesmosomes
Basal lamina
Plasma membrane invaginations (basal labyrinth)

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14
Q

Gland tissue cells

A

Parenchyma (gland cells)
Stroma (connective tissue)

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15
Q

Types of glands

A

Exocrine glands: release via duct to epithelial surface
Endocrine glands: release of hormones directly to the lumen, no duct

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16
Q

Methods of secretion

A

Merocrine
Apocrine: part of a cell is secreted
Holocrine: whole cell is secreted

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17
Q

Protein-producing gland

A

Components: ribosomes, RER, Golgi (glycolysation of proteins and sorting of proteins: secretion vessels, cell membrane, lysosomes)

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18
Q

Exocytosis

A

Release of product on the cellular surface

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19
Q

Steroids-producing glands

A

Extensive smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Specialized mitochondria (specific steps in cholesterol synthesis)
No storage of steroid in the cell

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20
Q

Types of connective tissue

A

Loose and dense connective tissue
Cartilage and bone
Blood and lymph
Endothelium and mesothelium

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21
Q

Functional classification connective tissue

A

Supportive connective tissue
Metabolic connective tissue (supply of oxygen and nutrients, metabolites, storage of energy (fat), immune system

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22
Q

Dense connective tissue cells

A

Fibroblasts
Matrix: ground substance and fibers (e.g. collagen)

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23
Q

Collagen types

A

Type I: in tendons, and in bone
Type II: thin fibers in cartilage
Type III: thin fibers in reticular connective tissue
Type IV: basal lamina

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24
Q

Collagen synthesis

A

In RER and Golgi
Secreted via a constitutive route
Self-assembly of tropocollagen into collagen fibers in the extracellular matrix (triple helix)
Overlapping and gap regions determine the thickness

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25
Q

Reticular connective tissue

A

Meshwork of thin fibers
Predominantly in basal membranes and around organs
For adhesion of epithelium to connective tissue

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26
Q

Basal membrane

A

Basal lamina: synthesized by epithelium
Lamina reticularis: synthesized by fibroblasts

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27
Q

Elastic connective tissue (composition, synthesized, present in)

A

Composition: microfibrils (fibrillin) and elastin
Synthesized by fibroblasts, chondrocytes and smooth muscle cells
Present in elastic dense connective tissue, elastic cartilage and blood vessels

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28
Q

Cartilage

A

Specialized connective tissue
Forms embryonic skeleton
Joints, nose, ears, trachea
Chondrocytes (cells) and matrix

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29
Q

3 types of cartilage

A

Hyaline, Elastic, Fibro

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30
Q

Hyaline

A

Location: between the tips of ribs and bones of sternum; covering bone surfaces at synovial joints; supporting larynx (voice box), trachea, and bronchi, forming part of nasal septum.
Function: provides stiff but somewhat flexible support; reduces friction between bony surfaces.

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31
Q

Elastic

A

Locations: Auricle of external ear; epiglottis; auditory canal; cuneiform cartilages of larynx
Functions: Provides support but tolerates distortion without damage and returns to original shape.

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32
Q

Fibro (location and function)

A

Locations: pads within knee joint; between public bones of pelvis; intervertebral discs
Functions: resists compression, prevents bone-to-bone contact; limits relative movement

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33
Q

Characteristics cartilage

A

Surrounded by tissue membrane: perichondrium
No blood circulation, only diffusion
No nerves

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34
Q

Growth cartilage (2x)

A

Interstitial growth: generation of isogenic group of cells (chondrons) (make new matrix)
Appositional growth: from perichondrium

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35
Q

dCells in matrix and fibres

A

Matrix: osteocytes
Fibers: collagen

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36
Q

Ground substance bone

A

Proteoglycans and calcium salts (phosphate and carbonate)

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37
Q

Osteocyte

A

Mature bone cell that maintains the bone matrix
Located in small chambers: lacunae
Connected via passageways in matrix: canaliculli

38
Q

Osteoblast

A

Immature bone cell that secretes organic components of matrix

39
Q

Osteoprogenitor cell

A

Stem cell whose divisions produce osteoblasts

40
Q

Osteoclas

A

Multinucleate cell that secretes acids and enzymes to dissolve bone matrix
Produced in bone marrow (marcophage-like)
Dissolve & remove bone matrix

41
Q

Periosteum

A

Tissue membrane outside of bone
Inner layer:: osteogenic layer with osteoprogenitor cells
Outer layer: fibrous layer with collagen bundles
Fibers of Sharpey: connect tendons with bone (through periosteum)

42
Q

Endosteum

A

Thin osteogenic layer on inner surface of bone

43
Q

Matrix synthesis

A

Osteoid = fibers and ground substance (by osteoblasts)
Deposition of calcium salts

44
Q

Ossification and growth

A

Bone formation
Intermembranous: direct from mesenchyme and fibroblasts
Endochondral: indirect from cartilage

45
Q

Endochondral ossification (definition + 6 steps)

A

Enlargement of chondrocytes
1. calcification of cartilage matrix in diaphysis
2. fusion of lacunae in cartilage
3. vascularization of center of the diaphysis (primary ossification center)
4. osteoblasts and osteoclasts appear (from perichondrium and blood vessels)
5. bone formation and continuous remodeling
6. start of ossification of epiphysis (secondary ossification center)

46
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A

Longitudinal growth
Proliferation, maturation and hypertrophy, calcification, deposition of bone

47
Q

Bone remodeling new canals

A

Canals are larger than they need to be
Deposition of bone layers (lamellae)
Generation os osteons, central canals (Haversion) and perforating canals (Volkmann’s)

48
Q

Erythocytes (red blood cells)

A

Specialized in transport of oxygen, contain hemoglobin, bot no cell organelles or nucleus
Produced in bone marrow, under control of erythropoietin (EPO)

49
Q

Granulocytes

A

Neutrophils: phagocytose and kill bacteria; accute inflammation
Eosinophils: parasite infection
Basophil: vasodilation (histamine in vesicles); allergic reaction

50
Q

Agranulocytes

A

Lymphocytes: immunological defence, antibody production
Monocytes, macrophages: phagocytose diverse foreign proteins/invading pathogens and regulate immune response

51
Q

Platelets

A

Cell fragments, produced by megakaryocytes
Contain enzymes that function in blood coagulation (clotting)

52
Q

3 types of muscle tissue

A

Skeletal, cardiac, smooth (not striated)

53
Q

3 types of skeletal muscle

A

red muscle: slow, long and deep contraction, myoglobin (back)
White muscle: fast contraction, not able to contract continuously (eye)
Intermdiate: characteristics of both; most common

54
Q

Layers of skeletal muscles (5)

A

Epimysium: outisde of the muscle
Perimysium: capsule surrounding the muscle bundle
Fasicle sarcollema: 1 muscle fiber (microfibrils surrounded by sarcoplasic reticulum. T tubules are in contact with sarcolemma
Endomysium: connective tissue surrounding the muscle fiber
Sarcoplasm: cytoplasm of the muscle fiber

55
Q

Sacromere lines

A

M-line: thick filament (myosin)
Z-line: thin filament (actin)

56
Q

Sarcomere zones and band

A

H-zone: thick filaments
I-zone: thin filaments
A-band: length of thick filaments

57
Q

Sarcomere contraction

A

Z-lines come towards each other, H-band is not visible, I-band length decreases, A-band stays the same

58
Q

Composition muscle fibers

A

Contracting unit: sarcomere
Contracting elementss: myofibrils, containing actin and myosin
Movement: sliding filament-theory of Huxley

59
Q

Myofilaments

A

Actin
Tropomyosin: round actin filaments
Troponin: TnT (binds tropomyosin), TnC (binds calcium), TnI (inhibits interaction between actin and myosin)

60
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Comparable to smooth ER, contains a lot of calcium ions, presence of terminal cisternae
T-tubule (invagination of the sarcolemma; conduction of action potential

61
Q

Triad system

A

T-tubule and 2 terminal cisternae
Action potential opens voltage dependent calium channels, leading to release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and subsequent muscle contraction
Surrounds every myofibril

62
Q

Cardiac muslce (7)

A

Unicellular (one nucleus), myofibrils organized like in skeletal muscle, cells in rows, do ramify, intercalated disks, poor developed sarcoplasmic reticulum (calcium can enter from outside the cell), innervation by specialized cardiac muscle cells, cross striation on cells

63
Q

Intercalated disks

A

fascia (zonula) adherentes, desmosomes and gap junctions (nexus)

64
Q

Smooth muscle tissue

A

In gut, blood vessels, skin, urinary tracts
Spindle shaped, unicellular (one nucleus), contraction is mediated by actin and myosin but mechanism is different than for striated muscle
Contraction slower, nearly absence of sarcoplasmic reticulum
Innervation by autonomic nervous system
Not every muscle cell needs to be innervated: excitation conduction by gap-junctions
Contraction of smooth muscle happens by contraction of dense bodies (where actin and myosin meet)

65
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Derived from ectoderm
Central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)
Peripheral nervous system (the rest: limbs, gut)
Afferent system: sensory information
Efferent system: motor commands

66
Q

Nervous tissue neurons

A

Nucleus
Soma (cell body)
Dendrites (recieve information)
Axons (send information)

67
Q

Neuroglia

A

Supporting cells
Maintain physical structures of tissues
Repair tissue framework after injury
Perform phagocytosis
Provide nutrients to neurons
Regulate the composition of the interstitial fluid surrounding neurons

68
Q

Chemical messengers

A

Acetylcholine
Amino acids
Biogenic amines

69
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

Space between presynaptic and postsynaptic cells

70
Q

Layers of neurons

A

Endoneurium
Perineurium
Epineurium

71
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Satellite cells support cell bodies
Schwann cells secrete neurotrophic factors (also form myelin sheaths)

72
Q

Schwann cells

A

Ensheath exons in the primary nervous system
Make myelin sheats, which enhances conduction velocity of action potentials in axons
Nodes of Ranvier: for saltatory conduction
Have 1 nucleus, synthesize myelin

73
Q

Central nervous system glial cells

A

Oligodendrocytes form myelin sheaths
Astrocytes
Microglia act as scavengers
Ependyma cells form barriers for compartments

74
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Form myelin sheaths
Predominantly present in white matter
Formation of myelin sheet around neuronal axons in the central nervous system (comparable to schwann cells in the primary nervous system)
Have 1 nucleus, synthesize myelin

75
Q

Astrocytes

A

Form support for central nervous system
Help from blood-brain barrier
Secrete neutrophic factors
Take up K+ neurotransmitters that are spilled from the synapse
Ionic homeostasis
Neuronal support: production of growth factose
Response to injury/inflammation: phagocytosis, scar formation (gliosis)

76
Q

Microglia (modified immune cells)

A

Act as scavengers
Are present in white and grey matter
Closely related to macrophages (and therefore classified as connective tissue, not nervous tissue)
Divide and migrate
Phenotype (morphology) depends on their state of activation

77
Q

Tissue membranes in digestive system

A

Mucous membrane
Serous membrane
Cutneous membrane
Synovial membrane

78
Q

Mucous membrane

A

Line passageways or chambers that are open to the exterior (digestive or respiratory system)
Epithelia surface is kept moist to reduce friction and improve absorption or secretion

79
Q

Serous membrane

A

Line passageways or chambers that are not open to exterior
Thin and firm
Transudate: liquid to reduce friction
Cover the organs (serosa)

80
Q

Cutaneous membrane

A

Skin, thick, waterproof, dry

81
Q

Synovial membrane

A

Lines lumen in the joint
Produces synovial fluid (lubricant)
Protects the ends of articular bones
Do not contain a ‘true’ epithelium (Covering cells are connective tissue)

82
Q

General histological build up digestive system

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa

83
Q

Mucosa (3x)

A

Epithelium (stratified squamous)
Lamina propria (connective tissue)
Muscularis mucosa (circular longitudinal muscles)

84
Q

Submucosa

A

Connective tissue
Plexus submucosa

85
Q

Muscularis externa

A

Circular and longitudinal muscles
Plexus myentricus (ganglia)

86
Q

Serosa (adventitia)

A

Tissue membrane

87
Q

Small intestine increase surface area by

A

Plicae circularis (circular folds: mucosa and submucosa)
Intestinal vili (lamina propria)
Microvili (apical cell membrane of epithelial cells)

88
Q

Mucosa small intestine

A

Epithelium
Absorbing cells: take up water and nutrients, microvili, glycocalyx (protection and terminal digestion dipeptides and disaccharides), lateral cellular connections (firm attachment and closure os connective tissue underneath), muscularis mucosae (circular and longitudinal)

89
Q

Submucosa small intestine

A

Dense fibro-elastic connective tissue
Many lymphatic and vascular components
Presence of neural plexus (submucosa)

90
Q

Muscularis externa and submucosa small intestine

A

Circular and longitudinal muscles
Plexus myentricus (regulates peristalsis)
Serosa: tissue membrane lining the intestine, connceted to peritoneum

91
Q

Enteric system contains many ganglia in the

A

plexus submucosa: in the submucosa (movement of the mucosa, secretory activity)
Plexus myentricus: between the circular and longitudinal muscles of the muscularis externa (peristalsis)
The plexi contain sensory neurons that gather information on the content of the intestines (submucosa) and the extend of the expansion (myentricus)
The sympathetic (action) and parasympathetic (rest and digest) system modulate the enteric system (innervation)

Cell Biology - Histology (4 decks)

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