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Anatomy > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

Structure: Lipid bilayer composed of phospholipids and cholsesterol with proteinsthat extend across or are buried in surface. Hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tales. Function: controls entry and exit of substances

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2
Q

Nucleus

A

Structure:largest organelle, double membeane, the outer of we which is continuos with the ER. Contains nucleotides which is one to four dense bodies consisting of rRNA and proteins. Function: command centre of the cell and repository of its archives. Sire of ribonucleic acid synthesis (mRNA, tRNA,rRNA)

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3
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Structure: composed of micotubles ( hollow cylinders made of protein tublin), actin filaments (small fibrils of protein actin) intermediate filaments (protein fibres), and cell extensions (projections of plasma membrane important for movement. Function:overall shape and movement. microfillaments provide structural support and allow connections. microtubles are larger and involved in movement. centrosome directs organisation of microtubles and is made of a pair of centrioles which are important in cell division.

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4
Q

mitochondria

A

structure: spherical or rod shaped, or threadlike structures enclosed by double membrane, inner membrane forms projections called cristae. function: major site of ATP synthesis when oxygen is available aka produce energy through aerobic respiration

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5
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

structure: smooth (membranous tublues and flattened sacs with no ribosomes) rough ( membranous tubules and flattened sacs with ribosomes. Function: smooth ( site of lipid and carbohydrate synthesis, detoxifies harmful chemicals. Rough (protein synthesis and transport to GA)

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6
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Structure: flattened membrane saces stacked on each other. function: produces lysosomes, newly synthesised proteins from ER are further processed, sorted, and packaged for transport to their final destinations in the cell

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7
Q

lysosomes

A

Structure: membrane bounded vesicle pinched of GA conatining hydrolytic enzymes at acidic pH. Function: decompose substances taken into cell and dispose of damaged oganelles fragments can be removed or recycled

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8
Q

how do cells communicate with each other?

A

junctions: communicting, occluding, anchoring

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9
Q

anchoring junctions

A

main role is to mechanically attach cells and their cytoskeleton to adjacent cells or the extracellular matrix, they can either be actin filament or intermediate filament

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10
Q

Types of anchoring junctions

A

cell-cell actin= adherens, cell-cell intermediate = desmosomes. cell-matrix actin = focal, cell-matrix intermediate = hemidesmosomes

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11
Q

communicating junctions

A

can be gap or chemical synapses. main role is to control the passage of signals, either chemical or electrical, from one cell to another, most cells are linked to neighbours via gap cells e.g cardiac smooth muscle

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12
Q

connexins

A

channel forming proteins

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13
Q

occluding junctions

A

main role is to seal cells together to prevent molecules from leaking, either to another cell or across a boundary (tight junctions)

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14
Q

how are cells seen

A 
stains.
h&e; nucleus = purple, rest = pink
masson;'s trichome nuclei= black, connective tissue = green
van kossa: mineral = black
alizarin: mineral = red
oil red o : fat globule = red
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15
Q

Types of tissues

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous. They are classified by size, shapes, and function. They are composed of cells and extracellular matrix,

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16
Q

ECM

A

Ecm is made by cells and exported to fill extracellular space

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17
Q

Role of the ECM

A

forming junctions with cells, regulating migration, influencing development and growth,
changing cell morphology (function). connectove tissue has lots of ecm skin doesnt

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18
Q

Epithelial tissue function

A

covers the body, lines body cavities, found in glands, can be simple or stratified. part of the integumentary system

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19
Q

Types of simple epithelial tissue

A

squamous, cuboidal, columnar, pseudostratified

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20
Q

squamous simple epithelial tissue

A

flattened cells attached to a basement membrane lines heart, blood vessels, lymph vessels, lung aveoli, and collecting ducts of nephrons

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21
Q

cubiodal simple epithelial tissue

A

cube shaped cells attached to a basement membrane forms kindey tubules and some glands, important in secretion, absorbtion, and excretion

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22
Q

colunmnar simple epithelial tissue

A

rectangle shaped cells attached to a basement membrane found in stomach, small intestine, trachea, and fallopian tubes. it can be ciliated having hair like fingers)

23
Q

pseudostratified epithelium

A

gives impresion of multiple cells but it is in fact only one cell thick . psuedostratfied columnar ciliated epithelium is only found in the respiratoty tract and forms mucocilary escalator where goblet cells excrete mucus

24
Q

Stratified epithelial tissue

A

consists of several layers of cells with continual cell division from basal layer. its main function is to protect from wear and tear

25
Q

types of stratified epithelial tissue

A

squamous.( keratinised. non-keratinised)

26
Q

keratinsed startifeid squamous epithelium

A

found on dry surfaces, skin,hair, and nails. the top layer of cells have no nuclei

27
Q

non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

A

found on moist surfaces as it protects them from drying out, mouth, pharynx, oesophogus, vagina

28
Q

transitional epithelium

A

pear shaped and only found in the urinary tracts as it protects fromchemicals ine unrine

29
Q

types of epithelium

A

simple, stratified, transitional

30
Q

connective tissue funcrtions

A

is the most abundant tissue in the body and consists of cells imbedded in the ecm, it’s main functions are binding, structural support, protection, transport, insulation

31
Q

types of connective tissue

A

loose (areolar), adipose, reticular, dense, cartilage, bone, or blood

32
Q

loose (areolar) connective tissue

A

most abundant connective tissue, consists of semi-solid matrix of collagen and elastin fibres conating fibroblasts, adipocytes, mast cells, and macrophages. it connects and supports other tissues eg under skin or between muscles

33
Q

adipose tissue

A

areolar tissue matrix containing adipoctytes which contain large fat globules, there are two types of adipose tissue white 20-25% average bmi acts as a therma linsulator and energy store, brown found in newborns and is highly vascularised

34
Q

reticular tissue

A

found in lymph nodes and organs of the lymphatic system. matrix conisits of reticular fibres and the cells present are reticular and white blood

35
Q

dense connective tissue

A

low cell number but high fibre count and can be eithert fibrous or elastic tissue

36
Q

fibrous dense connective tissue

A

contains collagen fibres that are in closely packed bundles. fibroblast cells sit between fibres e.g tendon, ligament, peristeium

37
Q

elastic dense connective tissue

A

contains elastin fibres that are separated by fibroblast cells, the tissue has a high degree of recoil and is found in organs where shape change is common e.g blood vessels and lungs

38
Q

cartilage tissue aka chondocytes

A

embedded in a collagen and proteoglycen matrix. three types ;hyaline, fibrocartilage, articulating fibrocartilage

39
Q

osteoblasts

A

make bone matrix

40
Q

osteocytes

A

break down bone matrix

41
Q

osteocytes

A

mature bone cells

42
Q

bone cells aka osteocytes

A

embedded within a mineralised collagen matrix, 3 types

43
Q

hyaline

A

found at the ends of long bones (articulating cartilage)

44
Q

fibrocartilage

A

found inbetween invertebral discs

45
Q

articulating fibrocartilage

A

found in outer ear

46
Q

tendons and ligaments

A

bone to muscle, muscle to bone. both usually white due to avascular nature

47
Q

muscle tissue function

A

provides movement as it can contract and relax, looks dark brown/ red as its highly vascularised, shortens when contracted. there are 3 types of muscle tissue: skeletal, smooth, cardiac

48
Q

skeletal muscle tissue

A

striated ( striped) multinucleated, muscle fibres are under voluntary control, moves bones of the skeleton

49
Q

smooth muscle tissue

A

non-striated, muscle fibres are under involuntary control, useful in propelling contents along tubes by peristalsis in gut and ureter

50
Q

cardiac muscle tissue

A

striated, mononucleated, muscle fibres under involuntary control, makes up walls of the heart. intercalated discs between cells help propagate wave of contraction

51
Q

nervous tissue function

A

interconnected network that allows communication from brain and spinal cord to other body parts. two types: neurons and glial cells

52
Q

neurons

A

excitable and initiate, recieve, transmit, and perfrom information. the axons are found in PNS. and cell bodies in CNS. dendrite - ax0n - muscle

53
Q

glial cells

A

non- excitable, support neurons, more glial cells than neurons, glial cells can be astrocytes, olgiodendrocytes,epedeymal, microglyal

54
Q

Types of skin

A

thick (no hair soles of feet etc) , and thin ( three layers, epidermis, dermis, hypodermis)

Anatomy (6 decks)

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