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Anatomy > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the lung hilum

A

R: svc, azygous vein, trachea, oesophagus, broncus, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein
L: left brachiocephalic vein, left subclavian artery, arch of aorta, bronchus, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein

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2
Q

Laryngeal cartilages superior to inferior

A

Thyroid (large), cricoid (continuous ring), carina (division between bronchi)

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3
Q

What is the function of surfactant and where is it produced?

A

It prevents alveoli from collapsing, it is produced by the alveolar type 2 cells.

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4
Q

Difference between right and left bronchus

A

right bronchus is shorter, wider, and more vertical

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5
Q

Where is the pulmonary ligament and what is its function?

A

It is at the bottom of the hilum and stabilizes the lung

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6
Q

What are the four regions of mediastinum called?

A

Superior, anterior inferior, middle inferior, posterior inferior.

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7
Q

What is the border and contents of the superior mediastinum?

A

Border: first rib to T4. Contents: thymus, trachea, esophagus, thoracic duct, aortic arch, veins (superior vena cava, brachiocephalic, left superior intercostal), nerves (vagus, phrenic, left recurrent laryngeal), lymphatics, other small arteries and veins
Mnemonic: Try To Eat Toast And Vitamins Now Little Oliver

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8
Q

What are the borders and contents of the anterior inferior mediastinum?

A

Borders: T4 (superior) - T9 (inferior); sternum (anterior) - pericardium (posterior)
Content: remnants of the thymus, lymph nodes

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9
Q

What are the borders and contents of the middle inferior mediastinum?

A

Borders: T4 (superior) - T9 (inferior); anterior aspect of pericardium (anterior) - posterior aspect of pericardium
Content: phrenic nerve, heart, pericardium, ascending aorta, pulmonary trunk, superior vena cava, pericardiacophrenic artery

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10
Q

What are the borders and contents of the posterior

inferior mediastinum?

A

Borders: T4 (superior) - T12 (inferior); posterior aspect of pericardium (anterior) - spine (posterior)
Content: descending thoracic aorta, azygos veins, hemiazygos veins, accessory hemiazygos veins, thoracic duct, cisterna chyli, esophagus, esophageal plexus, vagus nerve, greater, lesser and least splanchnic nerves, lymphatics
Mnemonic: on the DATE Vivian Slapped Larry`

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11
Q

What nerve innervates the costal parietal pleura?

A

The intercostal nerves. (Lower portion of each rib.)

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12
Q

What nerve innervates the mediastinal pleura and diaphragm?

A

Phrenic nerve. ( Runs most laterally down the neck, around the heart, and attaches on the diaphragm.)

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13
Q

What does the vagus nerve do?

A

Provides parasympathetic innervation to the lungs and heart. (It passes posterior to the root of the lung.)

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14
Q

Describe the ribs.

A

1-7 = true ribs, articulate directly with the sternum via costal cartilage
8-10 = false ribs, articulate indirectly with the sternum via costal cartilage
11 & 12 = floating ribs, don’t articulate with the sternum

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15
Q

Scalene Muscles

A

3 muscles ( anterior, middle, posterior scalene) Origin: transverse processes of C3-7, insertion: ribs 1 &2, function: flexion, lateral flexion, rotation of the neck

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16
Q

Features of rib 1

A

Scalene tubercle for attachment of scalene muscles, groove for subclavian artery and vein. Manubrium where the jugular notch sits superiorly. Attaches to T1

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17
Q

T1

A

Sternoclavicular joint, highest point of lung apex

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18
Q

T2

A

Superior border of scapula

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19
Q

T3/T4

A

Top of arch of aorta

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20
Q

T4/T5

A

Sternal angle, bifurcation of trachea, start and end of arch of aorta, azygos vein enters SVC

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21
Q

T8

A

Vena cava (caval opening of diaphragm), phrenic nerve also passes diaphragm

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22
Q

T9

A

Xiphoid

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23
Q

T9 - L3

A

Costal Margin ( n)

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24
Q

T10

A

Oesophageal opening in diaphragm

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25
Q

T12

A

Aortic opening of diaphragm, origin of ceoliac

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26
Q

L1/2

A

Spinal cord ends

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27
Q

L4

A

Bifurcation of the abdominal aorta

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28
Q

Costal cartilage

A

Between sternum and rib

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29
Q

Costochondral joint

A

Between costal cartilage and rib

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30
Q

What does the bucket handle motion of the ribs do?

A

increases transverse dimension

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31
Q

What does the pump handle motion of the sternum do?

A

Increases anteroposterior diameter

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32
Q

Where is the internal thoracic artery?

A

Posterior and lateral of sternum, supplies anterior thoracic muscles. The musculophrenic branch runs from ribs 6- 12. Pericardiophrenic branch runs lateral to heart.

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33
Q

Where is the neurovasculature bundle found?

A

Between internal and innermost intercostal muscles, it runs inferior on the subcostal groove, hence needles are inserted superior to the rib. (VAN superior to inferior)

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34
Q

What is the function of the phrenic nerve?

A

Provides motor information to the diaphragm, originating from C3,4,5 (keeps the diaphragm alive!)

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35
Q

Blood supply to posterior thorax

A

The 1st to 6th anterior intercostal arteries arise directly from the lateral aspect of the internal thoracic artery. The 7th to 9th arise from the musculophrenic artery, a branch of the internal thoracic artery.

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36
Q

Spinal cord injury at C6

A

Loss of some sensory innervation, but preservation of motor function due to intact phrenic nerve

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37
Q

What comprises the nasal septum?

A

ethmoid, vomer, cartilage

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38
Q

Describe the conchae?

A

Inferior nasal conchae + ethmoid, warm and humidify air due to high vascularisation and mucus.

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39
Q

Describe the olfactory bulb?

A

Small tube like structure on inferior anterior surface of brain, has small nerves that project through the ethmoid bone into the nasal cavity.

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40
Q

Where are the pharyngeal tonsils?

A

They are located on the posterior wall of the nasopharynx and comprised of lymphoid tissue

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41
Q

What is the boundary between the naso and oropharynx?

A

The soft palate

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42
Q

What is the boundary between the oro and laryngopharynx?

A

The upper margin of the epiglottis

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43
Q

What is the anterior boundary of the nasopharynx?

A

Posterior nares of nasal cavity, eustachian tube (into ear) opens on lateral wall of nasopharynx

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44
Q

What nerves provide motor information to the pharynx?

A

The pharyngeal branches of vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves

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45
Q

What movement happens between the atlas and occipital condyles?

A

Flexion/extension of neck (nodding)

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46
Q

What movement happens between the atlas and axis?

A

Rotation of head (shaking)

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47
Q

What are the superficial back muscles and what are their function?

A

(Extrinsic) Trapezius, Latissimus dorsi, Levator scapulae, Rhomboid major and rhomboid minor. Function: movement of upper limb.

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48
Q

What are the intermediate back muscles and what are their function?

A

(Extrinsic) Serratus posterior superior, Serratus posterior inferior.
Function: respiration.
Dorsal rami of spinal nerve innervation

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49
Q

What are the deep back muscles and what are their function?

A

(Intrinsic) Superficial group: Splenius capitis, Splenius cervicis
(Intrinsic) Intermediate group: Iliocostalis (lumborum, thoracis, cervicis), Longissimus (thoracis, cervicis, capitis), Spinalis (thoracis, cervicis, capitis)
(Intrinsic) Deep group: Semispinalis (thoracis, cervicis, capitis), Multifidus, Rotatores, Interspinales, interansversarii, levatores costarum
Function: Extends vertebral column.
Dorsal rami of spinal nerve innervation

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50
Q

Meninges

A

Surround brain and spinal cord, lateral to medial = dura matter, arachnoid, pia.

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51
Q

End of spinal cord

A

Conus medullaris which becomes cauda equina, the filum terminale attaches conus medullaris to coccyx.

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52
Q

Complete transaction of spinal cord

A

Loss of sensory and motor ability

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53
Q

Kyphosis

A

Abnormally rounded spine laterally

54
Q

Blood supply to thorax

A

Thoracic aorta gives rise posteriorly to posterior intercostal arteries. Internal thoracic artery which descends from subclavian artery gives rise to anterior intercostal arteries.

55
Q

Azygous

A

Empties in SVC, upper branch = accesory hemiazygous, lower = hemiazygous.
The posterior intercostal veins drain into the azygous, but the anterior intercostal veins drain into the internal thoracic vein.

56
Q

Thoracic duct

A

Lymphatic duct, begins at the upper lumbar vertebrae into the cisterni chyli, up the thoracic cavity, through the aortic hiatus, right of midline between thoracic aorta and azygous vein, moves to the left and drains into the left internal jugular vein.

57
Q

Breast vs Testicular cancer metastasis

A

Breast lymph will drain to axillary node so cancer will metastasize there, whilst testicular lymph will drain to lumbar lymph nodes so cancer will metastasise there.

58
Q

Right lymphatic

A

Drains into right internal jugular

59
Q

Branches of abdominal aorta

A

Superior to inferior. A :Celiac trunk (r: gastric, m: common hepatic, l: Splenic ~) L: r+l = inferior phrenic. A: superior mesenteric. r+l = renal, r+l = lumbar, r+l = gonadal, r+l= lumbar. A: inferior mesenteric. middle sacral

60
Q

Blood supply of the gut

A

Foregut = celiac trunk, midgut= superior mesenteric, hindgut = inferior mesenteric

61
Q

Where do the gonadal veins drain?

A

Left gonadal vein drains to the left renal vein. Right gonadal vein drains into the IVC.

62
Q

Common iliac artery

A

Bifurcates into internal and external. Internal anterior branch supplies the pelvic viscera and perineum, internal posterior branch supplies the gluteal region. External branch supplies the lower limb as it becomes the femoral artery after it passes under the inguinal ligament.

63
Q

What veins comprise the hepatic portal system?

A

Superior mesenteric (r), hepatic portal vein (75% of blood to liver), inferior mesenteric (l), splenic. NO VALVES

64
Q

What organs drain via the hepatic portal system?

A

The gut tube, gall bladder, pancreas, spleen

65
Q

What organs drain via the caval system?

A

kidneys and suprarenal glands

66
Q

Consequences of excess blood going through hepatic system

A

(portal hypertension) Caput medusae, oesophageal and rectal varices. Often causes by liver cirrhosis due to alcoholism or hepatitis

67
Q

Transverse pericardial sinus

A

Behind pulmonary trunk and ascending aorta, anterior to SVC

68
Q

Right atrium

A

Crista terminalis = smooth muscle ring above musculi pectinati, SAN at base of SVC in sulcus terminalis, coronary sinus near IVC, fossa ovalis on left wall, AVN

69
Q

Right ventricle

A

tricuspid valve, chordae tendineae, papillary muscles, trabecular carnae, pulmonary valve

70
Q

Left atrium

A

Fossa ovalis on right wall, left auricular appendage, pectinate muscles, pulmonary veins

71
Q

Left ventricle

A

Bicuspid valve, chordae tendinae, papillary muscles, trabeculae carnae, aortic valve, interventricular septum

72
Q

Coronary arteries

A

Right coronary artery, at bottom is the right marginal branch, left coronary artery, anterior interventricular, left marginal, circumflex (posterior to auracle)

73
Q

Aortic sinus

A

Bulge on bottom of ascending aorta

74
Q

Neurovasculature of upper limb

A

Subclavian artery to the lateral margin of 1st rib, axillary artery to the lateral margin of teres major, brachial artery to cubital fossa (median nerve passes through). Laterally radial artery to deep palmar arch, medially ulnar artery to superficial palmar arch.

75
Q

Innervation of upper limb

A

Axillary (C5,6) - deltoid, teres minor
Musculocutaneous (C5,6,7) - Arm anterior flexors
Median (C5,6,7,8,T1) - Forearm anterior flexors, and intrinsic hand muscles
Ulnar (C8,T1) - Forearm anterior flexors, and intrinsic hand muscles except thenar and lumbricles 1 &2
Radial (C5,6,7,8,T1) - Arm and forearm posterior extensors

76
Q

Brachial plexus overview

A 
Roots: C5,6,7,8,T1 
Trunks: Superior, middle, inferior
Divisions: Anterior, posterior
Cords: Lateral, posterior, medial
Branches musculocutaneous, lateral root of median, medial branch of median, median, axillary, radial, ulnar, thoracodorsal, lower subscapular, upper subscapular, median pectoral, medial antebrachial cutaneous, medial brachial cutaneous 
(Rugby teams don't cover bruises)
77
Q

Cord branches

A

Lateral: Lateral pectoral, lateral root of median nerve, musculocutaneous nerve. rugby players are Long Legged Movers
Medial: medial cutaneous brachial nerve, medial cutaneous antebrachial nerve, medial pectoral nerve, ulnar nerve, median root of median nerve. rugby players Make Many Moves Using Muscles
Posterior: upper subscapular, lower subscapular, thoracodorsal, radial, axillary. rugby players are ULTRA competitive

78
Q

Upper line of brachial plexus

A

roots C5,6 - superior trunk - anterior cord straight and that joins to the middle trunk - lateral cord- musculocutaneous, lateral root of median, lateral pectoral

79
Q

Middle line of brachial plexus

A

root c7 - middle trunk -posterior cord straight and joins upwards to superior trunk and downwards to inferior trunk - posterior cord - axillary, radial, lower subscapular, thoracodorsal, upper subscapular

80
Q

Lower line of brachial plexus

A

roots c8, T1 - inferior trunk, anterior division straight on - medial cord - medial brachial cutaneous, medial antebrachial cutaneous, medial pectoral, medial branch of median

81
Q

Blood supply of lower limb

A

Abdominal aorta to common iliac at L4, external iliac to femoral under inguinal ligament,popliteal to anterior tibia to medial plantar arch.
Deep femoral to popliteal to posterior tibial to lateral palmar arch

82
Q

Innervation of lower limb

A

Obturator (L2,3,4) - Thigh medial adductors
Femoral (L2,3,4) - Thigh anterior extensors
Sciatic (L4,5,S1,2,3) - Thigh posterior flexors
Tibial (L4,5,S1,2,3) - Leg posterior flexors
Deep peroneal (L4,5,S1,2) - Leg anterior extensors
Superficial peroneal (L4,5,S1,2) - Leg lateral

83
Q

Muscles of arm

A

Anterior: Biceps brachii, Coracobrachialis, Brachialis
Posterior: Triceps brachii

84
Q

Muscles of anterior forearm

A

The superficial layer contains 4 muscles: flexor carpi ulnaris, palmaris longus, flexor carpi radialis, and pronator teres.
The intermediate layer contains just one muscle, flexor digitorum superficialis.
The deep layer contains three muscles:Flexor pollicis longus, Flexor digitorum profundus, Pronator quadratus

85
Q

Muscles of posterior forearm

A

The superficial layer of the posterior compartment contains seven muscles that have a common origin of the supracondylar ridge and lateral epicondyle of the humerus (the common extensor tendon): Brachioradialis, Extensor carpi radialis longus, Extensor carpi radialis brevis, Extensor digitorum
Extensor digiti minimi, Extensor carpi ulnaris

The deep layer of the posterior compartment contains five muscles, all of which are innervated by the posterior interosseous nerve: Supinator, Abductor pollicus longus, Extensor pollicus longus, Extensor pollicus brevis, Extensor indicis

86
Q

Muscles of thigh

A

The muscles that make up the anterior compartment of the thigh are sartorius and the quadriceps femoris muscles (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius). Psoas major and iliacus muscles also pass into the upper aspect of the anterior compartment.
The muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh are the biceps femoris, semitendinosus and semimembranosus
Medial: Adductor magnus, adductor longus, adductor brevis, obturator externus, gracilis

87
Q

Muscles of posterior leg

A

The muscles in the posterior compartment are arranged into two groups: the superficial group and the deep group. These two groups are divided by a layer of deep fascia called the transverse intermuscular septum. As a group these muscles act to plantarflex and invert the foot, as well as flexing the toes. All muscles within the posterior compartment are innervated by the tibial nerve.

Superficial: The three muscles of the superficial group are gastrocnemius, soleus and plantaris.
Deep: There are four muscles which make up the deep group of the posterior compartment: popliteus, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus and posterior tibialis. Popliteus is the only muscle to act on the knee whereas the others act on the foot and toes. Popliteus

88
Q

Myotomes

A

Shoulder joint - Arm flexion (C5), extension (C6,7,8)
Elbow joint - forearm flexion (C5,6), extension (C7,8)
Wrist joint - supination (C6), pronation (C7,8), flexion (C6,7), extension (C6,7)
Finger adduction and abduction (T1), finger flexion and extension (C7,8)

89
Q

What forms the pelvic inlet

A

sacrum, ilium, pubis, pubic symphysis

90
Q

What forms the pelvic outlet

A

coccyx, sacrum, sacrotuberous ligament, ischium, pubic, pubic symphysis

91
Q

What forms the pelvic diaphragm

A

levator ani, coccygeous, supports pelvic viscera, urinary and fecal continence

92
Q

Perineal muscles

A

Superficial: superficial transverse perineal, ischiocavernosus (ishial tuberosity to pubis), bulbospongiosus ( superficial to urethrovaginalis place)
Deep: external urethral sphincter, deep transverse perineal, +f sphincter urethrovaginalis, compresor urethrea

93
Q

Female reproductive organ

A

uterus (endometrium,myometrium,perimetrium, serosa), isthmus, ampulla, infubdibulum, fimbrae. Supplied by vaginal artery which arises from uterine artery which arises from internal iliac

94
Q

Pubic cavity

A

rectum, rectouterine pouch, uterus, vesicouterine pouch, bladder

95
Q

What does the pudendal nerve do?

A

innervate the perineum

96
Q

Female reproductive ligaments

A

broad ligament (really broad), suspensory ligament holds up ovary

97
Q

Male urethra

A

preprostatic,prostatic,membranous,spongy

98
Q

Male reproductive organs

A

scrotum, testes, epididymis, vas deferens (sperm duct) seminal vesicle, urethra

99
Q

Skin

A

Epidermis (keratinised stratified squamous, dermis (dense irregular connective tissue), hypodermis (adipose tissue) Hair follicle - dark circle light in the middle

100
Q

Where does the humerus join the scapula

A

glenoid fossa

101
Q

greater tubrelces and trochanters

A

lateral aspect of bones

102
Q

CT

A

Aorta = white dot, stomach looks black, liver large, gall bladder darkened part on liver, IVC right of aorta, duodenum anterior to IVC, large intestine looks black , small intestine looks white,

103
Q

Histology - muscles

A

skeletal = lines, cardiac = meat , smooth = bumfly t

104
Q

Anterior cranial fossa

A

crista gali = protrusion between the cribifrom plate, lesser wing of sphenoid,

105
Q

Middle cranial fossa

A

optic canal = small hole in lesser wing of sphenoid, formaman rotundum = just under and to right of optic canal, foramen ovale = down and to right of foramen rotundum, superior orbital fissue = large hole near foramen rotundum, pituitary fossa = seat by cribiform plate

106
Q

posterior cranial fossa

A

foramen spinosum, internal acoustic meatus, foramen lacerum, jugular foramen is under internal acoustic meatus, hypoglossal canal near foramen magnum, clivus upwards of foramen magnum,

107
Q

Sutures of skull

A

Lamboid = parietal and occipital, coronal = between frontal and parietal, pterion = joining of 3 sutures

108
Q

Facial nerve

A

Cranial nerve 7, innervates muscles of facial expression, passes through internal acoustic meatus. [temporal,zygomatic,buccal,marginal mandibular,cervical]
Innervates: oribicularis occuli, nasalis, buccinator, masseter, platysma, zygomaticus major, depressor labii inferior

109
Q

Trigeminal nerve

A

Cranial nerve 5, passes through foramen ovale, innervates all muscles of mastication: temporalis, medial and lateral pteryoid, masseter

110
Q

Accesory nerve 11

A

foramen magnum. innervates trapezius - elevates, retracts, depresses and rotates scapula, sternocleidomastoid - cervical rotation and flexion

111
Q

Jugular vein

A

internal drains head and neck to brachiocephalic veins , external drains face, exits jugular foramen

112
Q

common carotids

A

bifurcate at c3/4

113
Q

Components of the carotid sheath

A

common carotid artery, internal jugular vein, vagus nerve

114
Q

internal dural venous system

A

drains blood from brain and meninges to the internal jugular

115
Q

extraocular muscles

A

4 x rectus (superior,inferior,medical,lateral) 2x oblique (superior, inferior)

116
Q

what is weldeyr’s ring

A

ring of lymphoid tissue found in thyroid consisting of pharangeal tonisl, tubual tonsils, palatine tonsils, lingual tonsils

117
Q

Pharangeal muscles

A

constrictors decrease diameter of pharynx, longitudinal widen and elevate

118
Q

Emergency cricothyroidotomy

A

cut cricothyroid ligament between cricoid and thyroid cartilage

119
Q

Vagus nerve

A

on the left : descends into thorax to give recurrent laryngeal after coursing around the aortic arch
on the right: it courses round the right subclavian before giving rise to the recurrent largyngeal

120
Q

Scapula

A

anterior = subscapular fossa

121
Q

humerus

A

anterior: lateral epicondyle, capitulum, coranoid fossa, medial epicondyle
posterior: olecranon fossa, trochlea

122
Q

radius

A

distal end has the syloid process which articulates with scaphoid and lunate bone, also at distal end is the ulnar notch

123
Q

ulna

A

olecranon process on posterior aspect, trochlear notch on anterior aspect with coranoid process at the end styloid process

124
Q

tarsals

A

talus, calcaneus, navicular (m), cuboid, lateral intermediate medial cuneiform

125
Q

What flexes the distal interphalangeal joint

A

flexor digitorum profundus

126
Q

Lower limb muscle functions

A

anterior thigh- femoral nerve, hip flexion, knee extension
posterior thigh - sciatic nerve, hip extension, knee flexion
medial thigh - obturator nerve, hipp adduction
anterior leg - deep fibular nerve, ankle dorsiflexion
posterior leg - tibial nerve, ankle plantarflexion
lateral leg - superficial fibular nerve, foor eversion

127
Q

upper limb muscle functions

A

anterior arm - musculocutaneous nerve, elbow flexion
posterior arm - radial nerve, elbow extension
anterior forearm - median nerve , wrist flexion
posterior forearm - radial nerve, wrist extension

128
Q

Rotator cuff

A

supraspinatus (abduction), infraspinatus (lateral rotation), teres minor (lateral rotation), subscapularis (medial rotation)

129
Q

Carpal tunnel

A

median nerve and 9 tendons (4 flexor digitorum superficialis, 4 flexor digitorum profundus, 1 flexor pollicis longus)

130
Q

Where does sensory afferent information come from

A

dorsal root

131
Q

What artery supplies all organs of the pelvis?

A

Anterior iliac artery

Anatomy (6 decks)

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