HISTO Sir Flores Flashcards
- The most widely used and recommended fixative in routine histopathology
a. 10% neutral buffered formalin
b. Zenker’s
c. Bouin’s
d. 95% Ethanol
e. Flemming’s
a. 10% neutral buffered formalin
b. Zenker’s - MERCURY
c. Bouin’s - PICRID ACID
d. 95% Ethanol - EXFOLIATIVE CYTO
e. Flemming’s - OSMIUM TETROXIDE
- Which of the following fixatives is employed for skin tumor biopsies?
a. Zenker’s
b. Regaud’s
c. Flemming’s
d. Newcomer’s
e. Heidenhain Susa
e. Heidenhain Susa - MERCURY FIXATIVE
- It is also known as dealcoholization
a. Dehydration
b. Blocking
c. Clearing
d. Mounting
c. Clearing
Dealcoholization - removal of dehydrating agent; most commonly used is XYLENE
- Clearing Agent/s that become milky due to incomplete dehydration
a. Cedarwood Oil
b. Xylene
c. Both
d. Neither
c. Both
MILKY meaning TURBID
- In preparing buffered formalin:
a. The pH should be adjusted to 7
b. Use of phosphate buffers
c. pH should be adjusted to less than 4.6
d. Both A and B
e. Both B and C
d. Both A and B
- Decalcification is the process of removing calcium salts from calcified tissues such as bone and teeth. This is performed prior to fixation
a. 1st statement is true, 2nd statement is false
b. 1st statement is false, 2nd statement is true
c. Both are true
d. Both are false
a. 1st statement is true, 2nd statement is false
Decalcification is not performed BEFORE but AFTER because FIXATION is the FIRST step
- Which of the following can be used as a secondary fixative for EM?
a. Osmium tetroxide
b. Glutaraldehyde
c. Paraformaldehyde
d. Uranyl Acetate
a. Osmium tetroxide
- also known as Osmic Acid
- Fixation for EM is preferably performed at
a. 37C
b. 22-25C
c. 4C
d. 42C
c. 4C
- Fixatives should be slightly hypertonic. This is around 400-450 mOsm
a. 1st statement is true, 2nd statement is false
b. 1st statement is false, 2nd statement is true
c. Both are true
d. Both are false
c. Both are true
- The color of death certificate for adults is
a. Pink
b. Red
c. White
d. Black
c. White
-before the color is BLUE but now they are using WHITE
a. Pink - still birth
- For small tissue fragments that are easily lost during processing, which of the following fixatives can you consider?
a. Bouin’s
b. Formalin
c. Osmium Tetroxide
d. Zenker’s
a. Bouin’s
- picric acid fixative - “yellow color” so it can be seen
- Glacial acetic acid is a fixative for nuclei. It can be used as a simple fixative
a. 1st statement is true, 2nd statement is false
b. 1st statement is false, 2nd statement is true
c. Both are true
d. Both are false
a. 1st statement is true, 2nd statement is false
- Glacial acetic acid is a COMPOUND fixative not simple fixative
- For maximum effectiveness, the fixative: tissue ratio should be
a. 1:20
b. 20:1
c. 1:5
d. 1:10
b. 20:1
- Black pigments due to use of mercury fixatives can be removed by using which washing out reagent?
a. Water
b. Picric Acid
c. Alcohol
d. Lithium Carbonate
e. Alcoholic Iodine
e. Alcoholic Iodine
BLACK pigments should be removed prior to STAINING
- Most rapid fixative
a. Carnoy’s
b. Bouin’s
c. Phloroglucin Nitric
d. Methanol
a. Carnoy’s
- usually takes 1-3 hours
c. Phloroglucin Nitric - most rapid decalcying agent
- Which of the following procedures is performed prior to fixation?
a. Dehydration
b. Clearing
c. Infiltration
d. NOTA
d. NOTA
FIXATION is the first step
- Which of the following fixatives becomes part of the tissue
a. Osmium tetroxide
b. Formalin
c. Alcohols
d. Both A and B
d. Both A and B
- if it becomes a part of the tissue meaning it is additive tissue which is Osmium and Formalin since Alcohols is a non-additive fixative
- A slow acting clearing agent recommended for tough tissues such as lymph nodes and brain
a. Xylene
b. Chloroform
c. THF
d. Toluene
b. Chloroform
- clears nervous system
- Which of the following fixatives contains chromates?
a. Bouin’s
b. Helly’s
c. Zenker’s
d. Regaud’s
d. Regaud’s
a. Bouin’s - picric acid
b. Helly’s - mercuric
c. Zenker’s - mercuric
- Paraffin wax substitute that contains a mixture of paraffin and plastic polymers
a. Paraplast
b. Bioloid
c. Embeddol
d. Esterwax
e. Carbowax
a. Paraplast - MP: 56-57 degC
- Which of the following tissues require tissue softeners prior to sectioning?
a. Bone
b. Teeth
c. Nails
d. AOTA
c. Nails
Spx = keratin rich (ex: nails, hyperkeratonic tissues)
BOTH bone and teeth requires decalcifying
- Xylene is routinely used as a clearing agent. Less toxic alternatives to xylene include isopropanol and other xylene free agents
a. 1st statement is true, 2nd statement is false
b. 1st statement is false, 2nd statement is true
c. Both are true
d. Both are false
c. Both are true
- Tissue blocks are always cold when cut/sectioned. Sections are cut in a uniform rapid motion.
a. 1st statement is true, 2nd statement is false
b. 1st statement is false, 2nd statement is true
c. Both are true
d. Both are false
a. 1st statement is true, 2nd statement is false
- NOT RAPID but SLOW MOTION
- Concentrated formalin:
a. 100%
b. 37%
c. 10%
d. 5%
b. 37%
- 37-40%
- Pencil is used to label FROSTED slides. Diamond pencil is used to label NON-FROSTED slides
a. 1st statement is true, 2nd statement is false
b. 1st statement is false, 2nd statement is true
c. Both are true
d. Both are false
c. Both are true
- If the Specimen Code is labelled as C99-0031, the specimen is most likely:
a. Pap’s Smear
b. Cadaver
c. Benign neoplasm of the uterus
d. None of the above
a. Pap’s Smear
- C99-0031 = C is for cytology specimen; S is for surgical and A for autopsy
- Which process should be performed immediately as delays can lead to irreparable tissue damage?
a. Staining
b. Fixation
c. Clearing
d. Dehydration
b. Fixation
- Which of the following is not a mercury fixative?
a. Zenker’s
b. B5
c. Brasil’s
d. Zenker Formol
c. Brasil’s
- picric acid fixative
- A purified form of nitrocellulose employed for embedding hard tough tissues that tend to collapse and produces a rubbery tissue block
a. Paraffin
b. Ester wax
c. Celloidin
d. Gelatin
e. Epoxy
c. Celloidin
- or colloidion = slow and no heat required
- In an autotechnicon, the first station contains
a. Formalin
b. Alcohols
c. Wax
d. Xylene
e. Acetone
a. Formalin
c. Wax - LAST STATION
- All of the following are employed as fixatives for EM, except
a. Uranyl acetate
b. Osmium tetroxide
c. Glutaraldehyde
d. Paraformaldehyde
e. None of the above
a. Uranyl acetate
- Which of the following fixatives may also function as a fat stain?
a. Osmium tetroxide
b. 95% ethanol
c. Trichloroacetic Acid
d. 10% Formalin
a. Osmium tetroxide
- Widely used decalcifying agent
a. 10% nitric acid
b. Versene
c. HCl
d. Formic Acid
a. 10% nitric acid
- Which of the following fixatives also function as a decalcifying agent?
a. Tetrahydrofuran
b. Tertiary butanol
c. 70% ethanol
d. Formic Acid
d. Formic Acid
- Dehydrating agents should be at least ______ times the volume of tissue
a. 10
b. 20
c. 25
d. 50
a. 10
- Also known as rubbing alcohol, it is a fixative useful for smears for staining for Wright’s and may also function as an alternative to ethanol for dehydration
a. Butanol
b. Methanol
c. Isopropanol
d. THF
c. Isopropanol
- Appropriate tissue/s for IHC
a. Formalin fixed tissues
b. Acetone Fixed tissues
c. Frozen Sections
d. AOTA
d. AOTA
- Xylene is a routine clearing agent employed for tissues less than 5mm. Clearing time for xylene is approximately 1-2 hours
a. 1st statement is true, 2nd statement is false
b. 1st statement is false, 2nd statement is true
c. Both are true
d. Both are false
a. 1st statement is true, 2nd statement is false
- Clearing time for xylene is 15-30 mins up to 1 hour
- Which of the are considered as universal solvents
a. Tertiary butanol
b. THF
c. Dioxane
d. AOTA
d. AOTA
- Universal solvents clears and dehydrates
- Added to Mayer’s egg albumin to prevent growth of molds
a. Glycerol
b. Phenol
c. Thymol
d. Sugar
c. Thymol;
b. Phenol is added to gelatin
- Tissues for routine fixation should be no more than ___ mm thick
a. 2
b. 3
c. 4
d. 10
c. 4
- Recommended embedding medium for TEM
a. Epoxy
b. Acrylic
c. Polyester
d. NOTA
a. Epoxy
- Paraffin sections have a thickness of ____ um
a. 4-6
b. 10-15
c. 2
d. 80
a. 4-6;
b. 10-15 - CELLOIDIN
c. 2 - RENAL BIOPSY
- Tissue preparation method for bronchial aspirates
a. Pull apart
b. Spreading
c. Streaking
d. Touch Preparation
a. Pull apart
- Routine fixative of choice for tissue photography
a. Moller’s
b. Helly’s
c. Brasil’s
d. Newcomer
b. Helly’s or KELLY’S
- tissue photography - cell detail and a mercury fixative
- Picric acid fixatives are contraindicated for glycogen. It is explosive when dry
a. 1st statement is true, 2nd statement is false
b. 1st statement is false, 2nd statement is true
c. Both are true
d. Both are false
b. 1st statement is false, 2nd statement is true
- it is RECOMMENDED not contradicted
- Methods of formalin pigment removal, except
a. Kardasewitsch’s
b. Lillie’s
c. 1% alcohol sodium hydroxide
d. Alcoholic KOH
c. 1% alcohol sodium hydroxide
- remedy for brown pigment
- Usual optimum temperature for decalcification
a. RT
b. 37C
c. 55C
d. 4C
a. RT
- Fixative/s for cytology, except
a. 95% ethanol
b. Saccomano’s
c. Schaudinn’s
d. NOTA
d. NOTA;
a. 95% ethanol - ROUTINE
b. Saccomano’s - SPUTUM
c. Schaudinn’s - MERCURY
- Microtome suitable for FAT stains
a. Rotary
b. Rocking
c. Cold Microtome
d. Sliding
c. Cold Microtome
- Wet celloidin method is intended for impregnating the following tissues, except
a. Brain Sections
b. Teeth
c. Bone
d. Whole eye section
d. Whole eye section
- DRY method
- Microtome for unfixed unfrozen specimens for enzyme demonstrations
a. Freezing
b. Cryostat
c. Rocking
d. Vibrotome
d. Vibrotome
- vibrating microtome
- Infiltrating media requiring dehydration and clearing
a. Ester wax
b. Carbowax
c. PEG
d. AOTA
a. Ester wax;
b. Carbowax - WATER SOLUBLE
c. PEG - WATER SOLUBLE
- Ester wax impregnated tissues are sectioned using which microtome?
a. Sliding
b. Rotary
c. Freezing
d. Rocking
a. Sliding
- since ester wax is HARDER than paraffin with MP of 46-48 degC
- Most reliable method to determine extent of decalcification
a. Xray
b. Chemical
c. Mechanical
d. Electrophoresis
a. Xray
- Which of the following is incorrect regarding fixation?
a. Formalin preserves cellular structure by removal of water
b. An essential goal of fixation is to harden tissues
c. Fixation inhibits microbial decomposition of tissues
d. Formalin fixed tissues are suitable for IHC
a. Formalin preserves cellular structure by removal of water
- Which of the following fixatives is highly suitable for cell detail in tissue photography and hematopoietic tissues?
a. Zenker’s
b. Regaud’s
c. Carnoy’s
d. Flemming’s
e. 10% formalin
a. Zenker’s
- A stillborn was received by the custodian of a Medical museum:
a. The volume of the fixative should be at most 5x that of the tissue
b. The volume of the fixative should be at least 50x that of the tissue
c. The volume of the fixative should be 10x that of the tissue
d. The volume of the fixative should be 20x that of the tissue
e. None of the above
b. The volume of the fixative should be at least 50x that of the tissue
- Minute tissue fragments are to be processed, how will you handle this?
a. By loading all the fragments
b. Place all the tissue carefully into a cassette
c. All fragments must be wrapped in a small piece of filter paper before loading
d. Freeze the tissue first before loading
c. All fragments must be wrapped in a small piece of filter paper before loading
- Which equipment is not employed when a diagnosis is needed right away in the OR?
a. CO2 freezing microtome
b. Cryostat
c. Cold Microtome
d. Rotary microtome
d. Rotary microtome
- not needed during RFS (Rush Frozen Section)
- Medtech Procopio, noticed a soft, mushy tissue block and when cut into sections it crumbles and feathers. This is due to
a. Insufficient tissue dehydration
b. Inadequate fixation
c. Dull knife
d. Incomplete clearing
b. Inadequate fixation
- The EM section thickness ranges approximately from
a. 160-190 um
b. 50-120 um
c. 200-250 um
d. 130-150 um
b. 50-120 um
- nm not um
- Which is true of an autopsied cadaver
a. No longer possible to embalm
b. Body is mutilated
c. Requires special burial
d. None of the above
d. None of the above
- Adipocytes are best demonstrated in
a. Paraffin wax
b. Frozen section
c. Celloidin
d. Resin/plastic
b. Frozen section
- Which of the following is not used as a decalcifying agent?
a. Nitric acid
b. Formic acid
c. Acid alcohol
d. Electrolytic solution
c. Acid alcohol
- decolorizer
- Fixative of choice for surgical specimens
a. 10% formalin
b. 95% ethanol
c. Zenker’s
d. Bouin’s
a. 10% formalin
- Fixative of choice for PAP’s
a. 10% formalin
b. 95% ethanol
c. Zenker’s
d. Bouin’s
b. 95% ethanol
- An alternative fixative for PAP’s if the common fixative is absent
a. Hair spray
b. 5% formalin
c. Ether-alcohol
d. Carnoy’s
a. Hair spray
- Transitional cell carcinoma is most likely the tumor present
a. Sputum
b. Urine
c. Ascitic fluid
d. CSF
b. Urine
- The usual thickness of a tissue cassette:
a. 5-6 um
b. 4 um
c. 3-4mm
d. 5 mm
d. 5 mm
- A sheen of oxidized dye on the surface of hematoxylin solution indicates:
a. Stain is concentrated
b. Stain is contaminated by bacteria
c. Stain has to be filtered
d. Stain has to be discarded
c. Stain has to be filtered
- Surgical pathology slides should be stored:
a. For 1 month
b. For 1 year
c. For 10 years
d. indefinitely
d. indefinitely;
c. For 10 years - TISSUE BLOCK
- A MT is processing a cytology specimen and he notices abundant dust laden macrophages, this is most likely:
a. Urine
b. Sputum
c. Bronchial washings
d. CSF
b. Sputum
- If your objective is to study/observe viable cells, which stain can be employed?
a. H and E
b. Janus Green
c. Levaditi’s
d. Benzidine
b. Janus Green
- viable cells meaning LIVING CELLS; staining used are vital stains (intra and supra)
- supravital stain for mitochondria
- Alcohol is not recommended as a tissue fixative because:
a. It hardens the tissue
b. Slow tissue penetration
c. Expensive
d. Volatile and evaporates fast
d. Volatile and evaporates fast
- Monoclonal antibodies employed for IHC belong to which Ig class?
a. IgM
b. IgG
c. IgA
d. IgE
b. IgG
- How will you remedy overstained sections with eosin
a. Dip in concentrated acid
b. Dip section in xylene
c. Dip sections in ammonia water
d. Add concentrated HCl
c. Dip sections in ammonia water
- eosin is pinkish so you need to dip in ammonia water since it is a blueing agent (alkaline/ basic pH) remedies eosin
- Which stain is best for reticular CT?
a. Gomori
b. Levaditi’s
c. Gram’s
d. Van Gieson’s
a. Gomori
- Which is the most common medium in preparing permanent slides?
a. Water
b. Ethanol
c. Canada Balsam
d. Hematoxylin
c. Canada Balsam
- Shell horse leather is employed for
a. Cleaning the knife
b. For holding
c. Removes excess dirt in the wax
d. stropping
d. stropping
- polishing and removes BURRS
- In order to prevent the block from cracking, what should be done
a. Block must be hardened
b. Excess wax must be cut off
c. Paper boat must be removed
d. Plastic bottom should be removed
a. Block must be hardened
- How will you remedy the presence of holes in tissue sections?
a. Re-embed the whole tissue in fresh wax
b. Adjust the microtome to a thinner section
c. Use a sharp knife
d. Re-adjust the distance between the knife and the block
a. Re-embed the whole tissue in fresh wax
- A reason why sections fail to form ribbons
a. Dull to blunt knife
b. Block holder is too loose
c. Very thick sections
d. Paraffin wax is too hot
a. Dull to blunt knife
- The MT noticed a burr on his newly honed knife, what is the next step to be done?
a. Change the microtome knife to a new one
b. Start cutting the paraffin blocks until the burr disappears
c. Sharpen the knife with Belgium yellow
d. Get the horse leather and start stropping
d. Get the horse leather and start stropping
- Minimum fixation time for Pap’s
a. 30 mins
b. 15 mins
c. 45 mins
d. 5 mins
e. 60 mins
b. 15 mins
- AT LEAST 15 mins
- When is the best time to collect samples for toxicology and microbiologic examination from autopsy?
a. At any time
b. As soon as after death
c. After embalming
d. After fixing the specimen with formalin
b. As soon as after death
- The tissue mordant dye complex is needed in
a. Direct staining
b. Progressive staining
c. Regressive staining
d. Indirect staining
d. Indirect staining
- Which specimen is most likely to require decalcification before embedding and cutting?
a. Prostate with hypertrophy
b. Pulmonary embolus
c. Aorta with atherosclerosis
d. Pulmonary infarct
e. None of the above
c. Aorta with atherosclerosis
- Which of the following is not a stain for CNS?
a. PAS
b. Bodian’s
c. Holzer
d. Bielschowsky
a. PAS
- carbohydrate stain
- All of the following are cytoplasmic fixatives except
a. Helly’s
b. Orth’s
c. Regaud’s
d. Carnoy’s
d. Carnoy’s
- nuclear stain (glacial acetic acid)
- Blood containing tissues such as spleen subjected to aldehydes may form abundant _____ pigments
a. Black
b. Yellow
c. Brown
d. Blue-black
c. Brown
- Which fixative is extremely corrosive to metals?
a. Lead
b. Mercury
c. Chromate
d. Picrate
b. Mercury
- Phloroglucin Nitric acid used as a decalcifying fluid
a. 24 hours
b. 36 hours
c. 12-24 hours
d. 6-12 hours
e. 48 hours
c. 12-24 hours
- Phloroglucin Nitric acid is the MOST RAPID
- As a general rule, the volume of the infiltrating medium should be at least how many times that of the tissue volume?
a. 50x
b. 10x
c. 25x
d. 100x
c. 25x
- Water soluble waxes except
a. Gelatin
b. Carbowax
c. PEG
d. NOTA
a. Gelatin
- Cells devoid of tigroid substance suggests
a. Skin cancer
b. Albinisim
c. Nerve cell degeneration
d. Chronic liver disease
c. Nerve cell degeneration
- Main constituent of Fuelgen’s and Schiff’s reagent
a. Acid fuchsin
b. Basic fuchsin
c. HCl
d. Picric acid
b. Basic fuchsin
- A lysochrome more likely to stain neutral fats giving it an intense red stain
a. Sudan IV
b. Sudan III
c. Sudan Black
d. ORO
a. Sudan IV
- aka Sharlach R
- Metachromasia is lost if the section is dehydrated in alcohol after staining method
a. True
b. False
a. True
- DO NOT USE ALCOHOL
- Stain to demonstrate astrocytes
a. PAS
b. Bielchowsky
c. Mallory’s PTAH
d. Weigert
c. Mallory’s PTAH
