HISTO Sir Flores Flashcards
- The most widely used and recommended fixative in routine histopathology
a. 10% neutral buffered formalin
b. Zenker’s
c. Bouin’s
d. 95% Ethanol
e. Flemming’s
a. 10% neutral buffered formalin
b. Zenker’s - MERCURY
c. Bouin’s - PICRID ACID
d. 95% Ethanol - EXFOLIATIVE CYTO
e. Flemming’s - OSMIUM TETROXIDE
- Which of the following fixatives is employed for skin tumor biopsies?
a. Zenker’s
b. Regaud’s
c. Flemming’s
d. Newcomer’s
e. Heidenhain Susa
e. Heidenhain Susa - MERCURY FIXATIVE
- It is also known as dealcoholization
a. Dehydration
b. Blocking
c. Clearing
d. Mounting
c. Clearing
Dealcoholization - removal of dehydrating agent; most commonly used is XYLENE
- Clearing Agent/s that become milky due to incomplete dehydration
a. Cedarwood Oil
b. Xylene
c. Both
d. Neither
c. Both
MILKY meaning TURBID
- In preparing buffered formalin:
a. The pH should be adjusted to 7
b. Use of phosphate buffers
c. pH should be adjusted to less than 4.6
d. Both A and B
e. Both B and C
d. Both A and B
- Decalcification is the process of removing calcium salts from calcified tissues such as bone and teeth. This is performed prior to fixation
a. 1st statement is true, 2nd statement is false
b. 1st statement is false, 2nd statement is true
c. Both are true
d. Both are false
a. 1st statement is true, 2nd statement is false
Decalcification is not performed BEFORE but AFTER because FIXATION is the FIRST step
- Which of the following can be used as a secondary fixative for EM?
a. Osmium tetroxide
b. Glutaraldehyde
c. Paraformaldehyde
d. Uranyl Acetate
a. Osmium tetroxide
- also known as Osmic Acid
- Fixation for EM is preferably performed at
a. 37C
b. 22-25C
c. 4C
d. 42C
c. 4C
- Fixatives should be slightly hypertonic. This is around 400-450 mOsm
a. 1st statement is true, 2nd statement is false
b. 1st statement is false, 2nd statement is true
c. Both are true
d. Both are false
c. Both are true
- The color of death certificate for adults is
a. Pink
b. Red
c. White
d. Black
c. White
-before the color is BLUE but now they are using WHITE
a. Pink - still birth
- For small tissue fragments that are easily lost during processing, which of the following fixatives can you consider?
a. Bouin’s
b. Formalin
c. Osmium Tetroxide
d. Zenker’s
a. Bouin’s
- picric acid fixative - “yellow color” so it can be seen
- Glacial acetic acid is a fixative for nuclei. It can be used as a simple fixative
a. 1st statement is true, 2nd statement is false
b. 1st statement is false, 2nd statement is true
c. Both are true
d. Both are false
a. 1st statement is true, 2nd statement is false
- Glacial acetic acid is a COMPOUND fixative not simple fixative
- For maximum effectiveness, the fixative: tissue ratio should be
a. 1:20
b. 20:1
c. 1:5
d. 1:10
b. 20:1
- Black pigments due to use of mercury fixatives can be removed by using which washing out reagent?
a. Water
b. Picric Acid
c. Alcohol
d. Lithium Carbonate
e. Alcoholic Iodine
e. Alcoholic Iodine
BLACK pigments should be removed prior to STAINING
- Most rapid fixative
a. Carnoy’s
b. Bouin’s
c. Phloroglucin Nitric
d. Methanol
a. Carnoy’s
- usually takes 1-3 hours
c. Phloroglucin Nitric - most rapid decalcying agent
- Which of the following procedures is performed prior to fixation?
a. Dehydration
b. Clearing
c. Infiltration
d. NOTA
d. NOTA
FIXATION is the first step
- Which of the following fixatives becomes part of the tissue
a. Osmium tetroxide
b. Formalin
c. Alcohols
d. Both A and B
d. Both A and B
- if it becomes a part of the tissue meaning it is additive tissue which is Osmium and Formalin since Alcohols is a non-additive fixative
- A slow acting clearing agent recommended for tough tissues such as lymph nodes and brain
a. Xylene
b. Chloroform
c. THF
d. Toluene
b. Chloroform
- clears nervous system
- Which of the following fixatives contains chromates?
a. Bouin’s
b. Helly’s
c. Zenker’s
d. Regaud’s
d. Regaud’s
a. Bouin’s - picric acid
b. Helly’s - mercuric
c. Zenker’s - mercuric
- Paraffin wax substitute that contains a mixture of paraffin and plastic polymers
a. Paraplast
b. Bioloid
c. Embeddol
d. Esterwax
e. Carbowax
a. Paraplast - MP: 56-57 degC
- Which of the following tissues require tissue softeners prior to sectioning?
a. Bone
b. Teeth
c. Nails
d. AOTA
c. Nails
Spx = keratin rich (ex: nails, hyperkeratonic tissues)
BOTH bone and teeth requires decalcifying
- Xylene is routinely used as a clearing agent. Less toxic alternatives to xylene include isopropanol and other xylene free agents
a. 1st statement is true, 2nd statement is false
b. 1st statement is false, 2nd statement is true
c. Both are true
d. Both are false
c. Both are true
- Tissue blocks are always cold when cut/sectioned. Sections are cut in a uniform rapid motion.
a. 1st statement is true, 2nd statement is false
b. 1st statement is false, 2nd statement is true
c. Both are true
d. Both are false
a. 1st statement is true, 2nd statement is false
- NOT RAPID but SLOW MOTION
- Concentrated formalin:
a. 100%
b. 37%
c. 10%
d. 5%
b. 37%
- 37-40%
- Pencil is used to label FROSTED slides. Diamond pencil is used to label NON-FROSTED slides
a. 1st statement is true, 2nd statement is false
b. 1st statement is false, 2nd statement is true
c. Both are true
d. Both are false
c. Both are true
- If the Specimen Code is labelled as C99-0031, the specimen is most likely:
a. Pap’s Smear
b. Cadaver
c. Benign neoplasm of the uterus
d. None of the above
a. Pap’s Smear
- C99-0031 = C is for cytology specimen; S is for surgical and A for autopsy
- Which process should be performed immediately as delays can lead to irreparable tissue damage?
a. Staining
b. Fixation
c. Clearing
d. Dehydration
b. Fixation
- Which of the following is not a mercury fixative?
a. Zenker’s
b. B5
c. Brasil’s
d. Zenker Formol
c. Brasil’s
- picric acid fixative
- A purified form of nitrocellulose employed for embedding hard tough tissues that tend to collapse and produces a rubbery tissue block
a. Paraffin
b. Ester wax
c. Celloidin
d. Gelatin
e. Epoxy
c. Celloidin
- or colloidion = slow and no heat required
- In an autotechnicon, the first station contains
a. Formalin
b. Alcohols
c. Wax
d. Xylene
e. Acetone
a. Formalin
c. Wax - LAST STATION
- All of the following are employed as fixatives for EM, except
a. Uranyl acetate
b. Osmium tetroxide
c. Glutaraldehyde
d. Paraformaldehyde
e. None of the above
a. Uranyl acetate
- Which of the following fixatives may also function as a fat stain?
a. Osmium tetroxide
b. 95% ethanol
c. Trichloroacetic Acid
d. 10% Formalin
a. Osmium tetroxide
- Widely used decalcifying agent
a. 10% nitric acid
b. Versene
c. HCl
d. Formic Acid
a. 10% nitric acid
- Which of the following fixatives also function as a decalcifying agent?
a. Tetrahydrofuran
b. Tertiary butanol
c. 70% ethanol
d. Formic Acid
d. Formic Acid
- Dehydrating agents should be at least ______ times the volume of tissue
a. 10
b. 20
c. 25
d. 50
a. 10
- Also known as rubbing alcohol, it is a fixative useful for smears for staining for Wright’s and may also function as an alternative to ethanol for dehydration
a. Butanol
b. Methanol
c. Isopropanol
d. THF
c. Isopropanol
- Appropriate tissue/s for IHC
a. Formalin fixed tissues
b. Acetone Fixed tissues
c. Frozen Sections
d. AOTA
d. AOTA
- Xylene is a routine clearing agent employed for tissues less than 5mm. Clearing time for xylene is approximately 1-2 hours
a. 1st statement is true, 2nd statement is false
b. 1st statement is false, 2nd statement is true
c. Both are true
d. Both are false
a. 1st statement is true, 2nd statement is false
- Clearing time for xylene is 15-30 mins up to 1 hour
- Which of the are considered as universal solvents
a. Tertiary butanol
b. THF
c. Dioxane
d. AOTA
d. AOTA
- Universal solvents clears and dehydrates
- Added to Mayer’s egg albumin to prevent growth of molds
a. Glycerol
b. Phenol
c. Thymol
d. Sugar
c. Thymol;
b. Phenol is added to gelatin