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Histology 2 > Histo Kindey > Flashcards

Histo Kindey Flashcards

1
Q

Major organs of the urinary system

A

Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

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2
Q

Major gross elements of the kidney

A

Capsule, hilum, calyces, renal pelvis, cortex, medulla

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3
Q

Tissue of the capsule of the kidney

A

Dense, irregular connective tissue (collagen fibers, fibroblasts, myofibroblasts)

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4
Q

Where the ureter, blood vesselsm and nevers enter and exit the kidney?

A

Hilum

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5
Q

Lines the renal calyces and pelvis

A

Transitional epithelium

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6
Q

Order of the flow of urine

A

Minor calyces, major calyces, renal pelvis, ureter

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7
Q

External portion of the kidney body

A

Cortex

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8
Q

Internal portion of the kidney body

A

Medulla

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9
Q

Where does the majority of the blood pass thru in the kidney?

A

Cortex

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10
Q

What do the convoluted tubules of the cortex?

A

Cortical labyrinth

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11
Q

Radial rays in the cortex that form straight tubules and collecting ducts

A

Medullary rays

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12
Q

Projections if the cortex b/t the pyramids of the medulla

A

Renal columns

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13
Q

What do the tubules in the medulla form?

A

Pyramids

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14
Q

Portion of the outer pyramids that consists mostly of thick tubules

A

Outer stripes

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15
Q

Portion of the outer pyramids that constists of both thick and thin tubules

A

Inner stripes

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16
Q

What does the inner medulla mainly consist of?

A

Thin tubules and collecting ducts

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17
Q

Tip of the pyramid

A

Papilla

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18
Q

What is the perforated plate on the tip of the papilla called?

A

Area cribrosa

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19
Q

Functional unit of the kidney

A

Nephron

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20
Q

2 parts of a nephron

A

Renal corpuscle and renal tubules

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21
Q

Spherical structure whose major function is filtration of blood

A

Renal corpuscle

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22
Q

Parts of the renal corpuscle

A

Glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule

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23
Q

Tissue of the parietal layer of Bowman’s capsule

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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24
Q

Forms the visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule

A

Podocytes (modified epithelial cells)

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25
Q

Parts oof podocytes

A

Primary processes, secondary processes (pedicels), cell body

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26
Q

What do the pedicles do to envelope the glomerular capillaries?

A

Interdigitation

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27
Q

Gaps b/t the interdigitating pedicles

A

Filtration slits

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28
Q

What is the slit diaphragm made of?

A

Negatively-charged barrier formed by the glycocalyx of the bases of the filtration slit

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29
Q

Space b/t the parietal and visceral layers of Bowman’s capsule

A

Urinary space

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30
Q

Area of Bowman’s capsule where the blood vessels enter and exit the corpuscle

A

Vascular pole

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31
Q

Area of Bowman’s capsule where proximal convoluted tubule that drains the urinary space originates from

A

Urinary pole

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32
Q

Cluster of fenestrated capillaries

A

Glomerulus

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33
Q

What type of cells are at the ends of capillary loops/between the capillaries?

A

Mesangial cells

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34
Q

What is an unusual feature of the glomerular capillaries?

A

Fenestrations that do not have diaphragms

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35
Q

What do the endothelial cells of the glomerular capillaries and the podocytes form?

A

Single basal lamina

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36
Q

Functions of the mesangial cells

A

Regulation of glomerular blood flow (contraction) via angiotensin II, Structural support, phagocytosis

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37
Q

How does angiotension II affects the kidney?

A

Binds to mesangial cells to activate their contraction, thus reducing blood flow to the glomerulus.

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38
Q

Type of cells forming the proximal convoluted tubule

A

Large cuboidal cells with well-developed microvilli that form a BRUSH BORDER

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39
Q

What do mitochondria in the proximal convoluted tubules form?

A

Basal striations along the infoldings of the basement membrane

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40
Q

Significance of the mitochondria in the proximal convoluted tubules

A

Provide ATP for the ATPase ion pumps

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41
Q

Function of proximal convoluted tubules

A

Reabsorb amino acids, proteins, glucose, and ions; eliminates organic solutes, drugs, and toxins

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42
Q

Type of fluid leaving the proximal convoltued tubules

A

Isotonic to plasma

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43
Q

Structure after the proximal convoluted tubule

A

Loop of Henle (thick/thin descending, thin/thick ascending)

44
Q

Cells in thick descending loop of Henle

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

45
Q

Where is the thick descending loop of Henle located in the kidney?

A

Outer stripe of the outer medulla

46
Q

Cells in the thin descending loop of Henle

A

Simple squamous epithelium

47
Q

What happens in the thin descending loop of Henle?

A

Water diffuses out, some NaCl and area enter the filtrate, so filtrate becomes hyperosmotic

48
Q

Where is the thin descending loop of Henle typically found?

A

Inner stripe of the outer medulla (typically travel into the inner medulla)

49
Q

Cells in the thin ascending loop of Henle

A

Simple squamous epithelium

50
Q

What happens in the thin ascending loop of Henle?

A

Almost impermeable to water, but highly permeable for NaCl, so filtrate loses Cl- and Na+ to start to become hypoosmotic (hypotonic)

51
Q

What happens to the interstitial medullary tissue around the thin ascending loop of Henle?

A

starts to become hyperosmotic

52
Q

Where is the thin ascending loop typically found?

A

Inner medulla

53
Q

Cells in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

54
Q

Another name for thick ascending limb

A

Distal straight tube

55
Q

Main function of the thick ascending limb

A

Impermeable to water and urea, so mainly transports Na and Cl from the lumen into the interstitium

56
Q

Epithelial cells of the thick ascending limb adjacent to the afferent arteriol forms what?

A

Macula densa

57
Q

Cells in the distal convoluted tubules

A

Cuboidal cells WITHOUT a brush border, but does have prominent basal striations

58
Q

Main function of the distal convoluted tubule

A

Reabsorbtion of Na, Cl, and HCO3 into the blood

59
Q

Comes after the distal convoluted tubule

A

Collecting tubule

60
Q

Cells of the collecting tubule

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

61
Q

Receive urine from nephrons

A

Collecting ducts

62
Q

General Cells of the collecting ducts

A

simple cuboidal epithelium than gradually shifts into low columnar

63
Q

Collecting ducts merge to form what?

A

Papillary ducts

64
Q

Types of Collecting ducts

A

Cortical and medullary

65
Q

2 types of cells in the collecting ducts

A

Principal cells and intercalated cells

66
Q

Main type of cell lining the collecting duct

A

Principal cells (no infoldings)

67
Q

Function of principal cells

A

Respond to vasopressin by opening water channels, so water is reabsorbed, thus decreasing the volume of urine and increasing urine concentration

68
Q

Function of collecting duct cells

A

reabsorb Na and Cl, secrete K

69
Q

Cells of the collecting duct that regulate pH of the urine by transporting H+ and HCO3- in/out of the tubule

A

Intercalated cells

70
Q

2 major types of nephrons

A

Juxtamedullary nephrons and cortical nephrons

71
Q

Nephons that have renal corpuscles in the inner portion of the cortex, close to the medulla

A

Juxtamedullary

72
Q

Loops of Henle in the juxamedullary nephrons

A

Both descending and ascending thin segments

73
Q

Nephrons that have renal corpuscles located closer to the capsule

A

Cortical

74
Q

Loops of Henle in the cortical nephrons

A

Without the ascending thin segment, and don’t extend into the inner medulla

75
Q

Important in regulating blood pressure thru the production of renin

A

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

76
Q

3 major components of juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

Juxtaglomerular cells, macula densa, extraglomerular mesangial cells

77
Q

Formed by modified epithelium of the distal portion of the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle

A

Macula densa

78
Q

Major function of the macula densa

A

Sense Cl concentration in the tubule

79
Q

Modified smooth muscle cells that exhibit secretory activity of renin

A

Juxtaglomerular cells

80
Q

When do juxtaglomerular cells release renin?

A

Low BP

81
Q

What is a result of renin release?

A

Angiotensin II and aldosterone production

82
Q

Action of aldosterone

A

Stimulates electrogenic reabsorption of Na by principle cells in the collecting duct and angiotension II causing vasoconstriction (elevating the BP via increase in blood volume via water retention)

83
Q

Cells located b/t the cleft b/t afferent and efferent arterioles and macula densa

A

Extraglomerular mesangial cells

84
Q

Provides structural support and transmits signals from the macula densa to the juxtaglomerular cells

A

extraglomerular mesangial cells

85
Q

Arterial supply to the kidney

A

Renal arteries, 5 segmental arteries, lobar arteries, interlobar arteries, arcuate arteries, interlobular arteries, afferent arterioles, glomerulus, efferent arterioles

86
Q

Arteries b/t the renal pyraminds to the corticomedullary junction

A

Interlobar ateries

87
Q

Arteries running along the corticomedullary junction

A

Arcuate arteries

88
Q

Arteries that run perpendicular to the arcuate arteries into the cortex

A

Interlobular arteries

89
Q

Type of capillary bed that gives rise from the efferent arterioles of cortical nephrons

A

Peritubular capillaries

90
Q

Type of capillary bed that gives rise from the efferent arterioles of juxtamedullary nephrons

A

Vasa recta (Descending and ascending)

91
Q

Purpose of the vasa recta

A

Helps to remove water from the medullary interstitial tissue to sustain the high osmolarity of the medullary interstitium

92
Q

Where do the peritubular capillaries drain into?

A

Eitehr interlobular veins or stellate veins

93
Q

Venous drainage from the stellate veins

A

Stellate veins, interlobular veins, arcuate veins, interlobar veins, renal vein

94
Q

Lines the ureter

A

Transitional epithelium

95
Q

3 layers of the ureter

A

Epithelium, muscularis, adventitia

96
Q

What is different about the ureter muscularis?

A

Smooth muscle if organized into bundles, NOT sheets

97
Q

Layers of the urinary bladder

A

Transitional epithelium, muscularis, serosa (upper), adventia (lower)

98
Q

Muscle of the urinary bladder

A

Detrusor

99
Q

Common epithelial malignant tumor

A

Transitional cell carcinoma

100
Q

Make up of the urethra

A

Fibromusclar

101
Q

Segments of the male urethra

A

Prostatic, membranous, penile

102
Q

Where do the ejaculatory ducts open into?

A

Prostatic urethra

103
Q

Cells that line the membranous urethra

A

Pseudostratified or stratified columnar epithelium

104
Q

Cells that line the penile urethra

A

Pseudostratified then keratinized stratified squamous

105
Q

Outpouching of mucosal epithelium along the uretra

A

Urethral glands (secrete mucus)

Histology 2 (2 decks)

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