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Histology 2 > Histo Cardio > Flashcards

Histo Cardio Flashcards

1
Q

Components of the epicardium

A

Mesothelial lining, loose connective tissue, Nerves, blood vessels to the myocardium

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2
Q

Components of the endocardium

A

Endothelium, subendothelial connective tissue, impulse-conducting system of the heart

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3
Q

What covers the external surface of the heart?

A

Mesothelial lining (simple squamous epithelial)

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4
Q

Lines the luminal surface of the heart

A

Endothelium

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5
Q

Thin sheath of connective tissue located directly underneath the endothelial lining

A

Subendothelial connective tissue

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6
Q

What supports the heart walls?

A

Fibrous skeleton

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7
Q

Parts of the fibrous skeleton

A

4 fibrous rings, 2 trigones

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8
Q

Surrounds the valve orifices

A

Fibrous rings

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9
Q

Connects the fibrous rings

A

Trigones

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10
Q

Name the 4 fibrous rings

A

FR of the pulmonary trunk/aorta, ring of the mitral/tricuspid valve (left and right atriventricular ring)

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11
Q

Connects the ring of the mitral valve and aortic fibrous ring

A

Left fibrous trigone

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12
Q

Connects the ring of the tricuspid valve and the pulmonary trunk fibrous ring

A

Right fibrous ring

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13
Q

Part of the interventricular septum that is devoid of cardiac muscle

A

Membranous part (dense irregular connective tissue)

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14
Q

What is the #1 location of septal defect?

A

Membranous part (dense irregular connective tissue

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15
Q

Composition of valves

A

Loose connective tissue covered with endothelium, with dense irregular connective tissue with elastic fibers for structural support

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16
Q

3 layers of the valves

A

Fibrosa, spongiosam, atrialis

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17
Q

Forms the dense irregular connective tisse connected to the corresponding fibrous ring

A

Fibrosa

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18
Q

Forms the loose connective tissue with large amounts elastic fibers

A

Spongiosa (acts as a shock absorber)

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19
Q

Covers the atrial aspect of the spongiosa

A

Atrialis ( rich in proteoglycans)

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20
Q

One of the most common valve pathologies

A

Mitral valve prolapse

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21
Q

What causes mitral valve prolapse?

A

Abnormal formation of structural proteins that form the valve (collagen/fibrillin)

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22
Q

What system regulates the heart rate?

A

ANS

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23
Q

What are hormone and chemical substances’ effect on the heart?

A

Change rate, and force of contraction

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24
Q

Cardiac muscle cells modified for the conduction of electrical impulses in a way similar to nerve cells

A

Purkinje fibers

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25
Q

Nodes/bundles of Purkinje fibers

A

SA/AV node, bundle of His

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26
Q

What are Purkinje fibers mainly composed of?

A

Glycogen

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27
Q

Caused by obstruction of coronary arteries, loss of blood supply to the cardiac muscle for more than 20 minutes

A

Myocardial infarction

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28
Q

Inflammation of the myocardium caused by infection/intoxication

A

Myocarditis

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29
Q

More common benign tumor of the heart

A

Myxoma

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30
Q

One of the most common tumor that spreads to the heart

A

Metastatic melanoma

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31
Q

One of the rare tumors that originate in the heart

A

Angiosarcoma

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32
Q

What causes changes in the structure of the cardiac muscle and weakens the heart?

A

Cardiomyopathy

33
Q

3 layers of vessels

A

Tunica: intima, media, adventitia

34
Q

3 parts of the tunica intima

A

Endothelium, subendothelial connective tissue, internal elastic lamina

35
Q

Part of the tunica intima that participates in the structural/functional integrity of the vascular walls

A

Endothelial cells (barrier between blood and underlying tissue)

36
Q

Allows the selective movement of small/large molecules from the blood to the tissue and back

A

Selective permeability barrier

37
Q

3 pathways of molecular travel across the endothelium

A

Transcellular pathway, Paracellular pathway, fenestrations

38
Q

Allows active transport across the plasma membrane (and method)

A

Transcellular pathway: uses caveolae (clathrin-independent form of endocytosis)

39
Q

What method of endocytosis is used for transport of LDL and cholesterol?

A

Clathrin-dependant endocytosis

40
Q

Allows passive transport accorss the zonula occudens

A

Paracellular pathway

41
Q

What type of barrier does the endothelium provide between the platlets and sunendothelial tissue?

A

Non-thrombogenic barrier (anticoags are produced). Damage to the endothelial cells causes release of prothrombogenic agents

42
Q

How does the endothelium regulate blood flow?

A

Secretion of vasocontractors (ACE, endothlin, thromboxane) and Vasodilators (NO, prostacyclin)

43
Q

What interleukins regulate lymphocyte adhesion?

A

IL 1,6,8

44
Q

How does the endothelium express high metabolic and hormone activity?

A

Secretion of various growth factors (CSF, TGF _, conversion of angiotense 1 to 2)

45
Q

Composition of subendothelial layer

A

Loose connective tissue

46
Q

Flattened fenestrated sheet of elastin that separates the tunica intima from media

A

Internal elastic lamina

47
Q

Arrangement of the smooth muscle fibers in the tunica media

A

Circular

48
Q

Separates the tunica media from adventitia

A

external elastic lamina

49
Q

Arrangement of the smooth muscle fibers of the tunica adventia

A

Longitudinal

50
Q

What type of tissue is located primarily on the periphery of the adventia

A

Loose connective tissue

51
Q

Small blood vessels that supply the walls of the larger blood vessels

A

Vasa Vasorum

52
Q

Nerves that innervate the blood vessels via the tunica adventitia

A

Nervi vasorum

53
Q

3 major types of arteries

A

Conducting, distributing, resistance

54
Q

Large elastic arteries

A

Conducting vessels

55
Q

Muscular arteries

A

Distributing vessels

56
Q

Small arteries and arterioles

A

Restistance vessels

57
Q

What do Weibel-Palade bodies contain that is important?

A

von Willebrand factor

58
Q

What is different about the large elastic artery subendothelial layer?

A

Contains collagen and elastic fibers, internal elastic lamina is NOT prominent

59
Q

What is unique about the large elastic artery tunica media?

A

Thick with numerous elastic lamellae

60
Q

What is unique about the muscular artery tunica intima?

A

Prominent internal elastic lamina

61
Q

What is different about the muscular artery tunica media?

A

Significantly less elastic fibers, external lamina is well-developed

62
Q

Small arteries tunica media

A

Up to 8 layers of smooth muscle fibers

63
Q

Arterioles tunica media

A

1 or 2 layers of smooth muscle

64
Q

What controls the blood flow to the capillaries?

A

Arterioles

65
Q

Results from the formation of lesions in the tunica intima

A

Atherosclerosis

66
Q

Components of atherosclerosis

A

Fibrous tissue, smooth muscle cells, macrophages, foam cells, cholesterol crystals, cell debris

67
Q

Smallest blood vessel in the body

A

Capillary

68
Q

Composition of capillaries

A

Single layer of endothelial cells and basal lamina

69
Q

3 types of capillaries

A

Continuous, fenestrated, discontinuous

70
Q

Where are continuous capillaries found?

A

Muscle tissue, lung, CNS (have occluding junctions)

71
Q

Where are fenestrated capillaries found?

A

Intestinal villi, choroid plexus, renal slomeruli, endocrine organs (breaks are in the endothelial cells, not the basal lamina)

72
Q

Where are discontinuous capillaries found?

A

Liver, spleen, bone marrow (gaps extend thru the basal lamina)

73
Q

Vein that does not have a tunica media

A

Postcapillary venule

74
Q

Principle site of emigration of WBC

A

Postcapillary venule

75
Q

Associated with high endothelial venules

A

postcapillary venule of the lymphatic organs

76
Q

Collect blood from postcapillary venules

A

Muscular venules

77
Q

What is unique about medium veins?

A

Tunica media is thnner than the adventitia

78
Q

What is well developed in large veins?

A

Tunica adventitia with longitudinally oriented smooth muscle

79
Q

Who has greater permability: lymphatic capillaries or blood capillaries?

A

Lymph

Histology 2 (2 decks)

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