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HSF Block 4 > Histo - Female > Flashcards

Histo - Female Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the ovaries?

A

Basics:

  • 2 ovaries present
    • each has hilum
    • suspended from mesenteries
    • has cortex & medulla

Histo:

  • Covered w/ germinal epithelium
    • simple cuboidal lining
    • continuous w/ mesothelium
    • NOT germinal
  • Tunica albuginea = deep to germinal epithelium
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2
Q

What is this?

A

Ovary Cortex and Medulla

Cortex:

  • ovarian follicles
  • stroma w/ CT

Medulla:

  • loose CT & blood vessels
    • blood vessels enter from hilum
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3
Q

What are Ovarian Follicles?

A

Basics:

  • follicle = oocyte + cells surrounding it
    • enlarge as they develop –> increasing the cell layers that surround them

Cells surrounding oocyte:

  • Follicular cells or granulosa cells (w/in BL)
  • Thecal cells (outside BL)

Stages:

  • Primordial
  • Primary
    • unilaminar
    • multilaminar
  • Secondary
  • Tertiary
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4
Q

What are the different stages of follicle development in the ovary?

A

Follicular Development

  1. Primordial follicles
  2. Primary follicles
    • unilaminar
    • multilaminar
  3. Secondary follicle aka Antral
    • antrum forms
  4. Tertiary follicle aka Graafian follicle
    • antrum expands & becomes mature
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5
Q

What is this?

A

Primordial - Follicle in Ovary

Primordial

  • single layer of flattened follicular cells around the oocyte
    • BL surrounds it
  • becomes primary oocyte

Location

  • outer cortex
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6
Q

What is this?

A

Primary Follicles

Unilaminar

  1. has primary oocyte
  2. has single layer of cuboidal follicular cells
  3. Zone pellucida forms
    • BL around oocyte

Multilaminar

  1. has primary oocyte
  2. has multiple layers of follicular cells (granulosa cells)
  3. Theca begins to organize
  4. Zone pellucida
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7
Q

What is this?

A

Secondary & Tertiary Follicles - in Ovary

Secondary follicle:

  • start of antrum = callexner bodies
    • contains follicular fluid made by follicluar (granulosa) cells
  • can have complete antrum… but do not protrude from ovary
    • smaller
  • multiple layers of granulosa cells
  • theca organized
  • zona pelucida

Tertiary (Mature or Graafian) follicle:

  • secondary oocyte
  • zona pellucida
  • corona radiata
  • antrum complete = continuous + large
    • protrudes from surface of ovary when read to ovulate
    • 1 or 2 per cycle undergo ovulation (others becocme atretic)
  • granulosa cell
  • theca organized
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8
Q

What is this?

A

Follicular Structures

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9
Q

What is this?

A

Theca Interna & Externa

Theca Interna

  • Steroid secreting cells
  • Vacuolated

Theca Externa

  • Fibroblasts
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10
Q

What is the difference between primary & secondary oocyte?

A

Primary oocyte

  • meiosis arrested in prophase I
  • meiosis I = completed prior to ovulation
  • meiosis II = starts & arrests in metaphase II
    • now = secondary oocyte in mature follicle

Secondary oocyte

  • ovulates
  • if fertilized, meiosis II = complete
    • second polar body
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11
Q

What is this?

A

Atresia

  • Degeneration
    • can happen at any stage of follicle development
  • Apoptosis of granulosa cells
  • Autolysis of oocyte
  • Macrophages do clean up
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12
Q

What phase is Oogenesis suspended in during childhood?

A

Meiosis I (Prophase I)

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13
Q

What is the Hormonal Regulation of Ovarian Function?

A

Hormonal Regulation of Ovaries

  1. Hypothalamus secretes GnRH
    • stimulates anterior pituitary (AP)
  2. FSH & LH released
    • stimulate follicular development
  3. Maturing ovarian follicles
    • secrete inhibin (inhibits FSH production)
    • low levels of estrogen (initially inhibits both the hypothalamus & AP)
  4. Estrogen (low levels)
    • assists w/ dev of vesicular follicle
  5. Vesicular follicle
    • produces a large threshold amount of estrogen
      • stimulates the hypothalamus & AP
  6. LH surge from the AP
    • induces ovulation
  7. Corpus luteum forms
    • due to influence of LH
  8. Corpus luteum secretes large amounts of progesterone, estrogen, inhibin
    • inhibits hypothalamus & AP
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14
Q

What happens during Ovulation?

A

Ovulation

  • LH surge = causes ovulation
    • Graafian follicle ruptures
  • Causes oocyte w/ surrounding cells, blood & follicular fluid to leave the ovary
    • if contacts peritoneum = cause mid-cycle lower abd pain

If secondary oocyte in meiosis II metaphase is fertilized…

  • meiosis II = completes
  • LH causes follicle to become a corpus luteum
    • becomes corpus albicans
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15
Q

What is this?

A

Corpus Luteum

After ovulation:

  • follicle involutes
  • theca interna cells —> theca lutein cells
    • darker staining cells than granulosa lutein cells
  • follicular cells —> granulosa lutein cells
    • ligher staining cells than theca lutein cells
  • theca externa contracts
    • granulosa cells collapse
  • theca interna cells INVADE into granulosa cells

If NO fertilization:

  • involutes w/in 14 days into a corpus albicans

If fertilization:

  • involutes w/in 6 months to corpus albicans
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16
Q

What are the 2 Types of Corpora Lutea?

A

Corpus Luteum of Menstruation

  • persists for part of 1 cycle
  • phagocytosed by macrophages
  • forms a corpus albicans

Corpus Luteum of Pregnancy

  • uterine mucosa cannot menstruate (would lose embryo)
  • corpus luteum of pregnancy = maintain by HCG
    • 4-5 months until placenta makes progesterone & estrogen
  • then becomes a corpus albicans
17
Q

What is this?

A

Corpus Albicans

  • Scar tissue
  • Macrophages phagocytose debris
  • Hemosiderin in macrophages
    • brown color
18
Q

What are the Parts of the Uterine Tubes?

A
  1. Fimbriae & infundibullum
    • catches oovum
    • ​large open space w/ folds
  2. Ampulla
    • where fertilzation takes place
  3. Isthmus
    • narrowing near the uterus
  4. Intramural segment
    • opens to uterus
19
Q

What is this?

A

Mucosa of the Uterine Tube Wall

Layers of Oviduct

  1. Mucosa
    • simple columnar epithelium
      • ciliated cell
        • partially responsible for movement of ovum (mostly occurs via tubal peristalsis)
      • secretory non-ciliated (aka Peg Cells)
        • produce tubal fluids rich in K+, Cl-, and Ig’s
        • nutrition; helps move egg along
    • lamina propria
  2. Muscle
  3. Serosa
    • simple squamous
20
Q

What is this?

A

Oviduct Fimbriae

21
Q

What is this?

A

Oviduct Isthmus

  • blood vessels
  • peg cells & ciliated cells in epithelium
22
Q

What is this?

A

Infundibulum of Oviduct

  • lots of mucosal folds
  • little bit of muscle on outter edge
23
Q

What is this?

A

Uterus

Endometrium

  • mucosa (lined by simple columnar epithelium; some ciliated)
    • stratum basalis
    • stratum functionalis (shed during menstruation)

Myometrium

  • 3 layers of smooth muscle

Serosa or Adventitia

  • continuous w/ perimetrium

Body & Fundus

  • cervix
24
Q

What is the Arterial Supply to the Endometrium?

A

Straight arteries

  • supply stratum basale

Spiral arteries

  • extend further
  • supply stratum functionalis
  • supply a capillary bed w/ vascular lacunae
25
Q

What are the 3 Phases of the Uterus?

A

Uterus - Endometrium

Proliferative Phase

  • Estrogen
  • Straight glands = increase in length
  • Glycogen = increases
  • Endometrium = increases thickness

Secretory Phase

  • Progesterone
  • Glands becomes tortuous
  • Coiled arteries = extend
  • Veins = distend

Menstrual Phase

  • Stratum functionalis = shed
26
Q

What are the important characteristics of Myometrium?

A

Basics:

  • Smooth muscle fibers + CT
    • CT has venous plexi and lymphatics

When things go wrong:

  • Leiomyoma
    • aka fibroids
    • common benign tumor of SM

During pregnancy:

  • Hyperplasia of SM cells
  • Increased collage from cells
  • Contracts during parturition
    • after, cells shrink & may apoptose
27
Q

What phases of the uterus are these?

A

Proliferative Phase (Left) & Secretory Phase (Right)

Proliferative Phase:

  • Estrogen
  • Glycogen increases
  • Straight glands

Secretory Phase:

  • Progesterone
  • Glands become tortuous
  • Coiled arteries extend
28
Q

What are the 2 parts of the Cervix?

A

Ectocervix

  • SSNK epithelium
  • Lots of glycogen (light staining)
  • Cyclic changes under influence of estrogen/progesteron

Endocervix

  • Simple columnar epithelium/mucous secreting
  • Btw uterus & vaginal cavities
  • Provides lubrication + protective barrier

When things go wrong…

  • Nabothian cysts:
    • SSNK epithelium covers mucous secreting epithelium at external os
    • epithelium can change –> lead to cancer
29
Q

What is this?

A

Pap Smear

Basics:

  • cells scraped from exocervix/external os

Stain:

  • stained w/ hematoxylin, orange G, & eosin
    • surface cells = pink/orange
    • subsurface cells = blue/green

When things go wrong…

  • Cervical carcinoma if…
    • High # of blue/green cells
    • Cells w/ atypical nuclei
30
Q

What is this? What are the 3 layers?

A

Vagina

Mucosa:

  • SSNK epithelium
    • washed out due to loss of glycogen/presence of lipids
    • glycogen maximal at ovulation
      • high estrogen
    • Lactobacilli break down glycogen & produce lactic acid
      • acidifies environment
      • prevents bacterial & yeast infections
  • Lamina propria

Fibromuscular layer

  • Muscularis externa

Adventitia

31
Q

What are Bartholin’s ( Vestibular) Glands?

A

Bartholin’s ( Vestibular) Glands

  • Analogous to bulbouretral glands in males
    • Glands that open into the vestibule
      • space surrounded w/in the labia minora
      • part of external genitalia
  • Simple columnar cells
    • secrete mucous
32
Q

How does Lubrication of the Vagina work?

A

Vagina does NOT contain glands!!

  • Lubrication comes from:
    1. glands of the cervix
    2. vestibular glands
33
Q

What is this?

A

Development of Glands in the Breast During Pregnancy

Inactive:

  • Adipoose tissue
  • CT
  • Few glands
  • Some ducts

Active (lactating):

  • Glands proliferate
    • seen as branched or irregular shape
  • Duct cells proliferate
  • Adipose tissue decreases
  • Regulated by:
    • estrogen & progesterone
    • after parturition, prolactin is lactogenic
  • Suckling causes RELEASE of PRL IH & oxytocin
    • oxytocin = stimulates myoepithelial cell contraction
34
Q

What is this?

A

Actively Developing & Lactating Alveoli

  • See lipid droplets (LD) in the milk secretion
    • from columnar secretory cells
  • See venules & CT
35
Q

How does the Secretion of Milk Lipids and Proteins occur?

A

Basics:

  • During breast feeding:
    • oxytocin causes contraction of SM & myoepithelial cells
      • causes milk ejection reflex

Milk Lipids:

  • Apocrine

Milk proteins:

  • Merocrine
36
Q

What is this?

A

Mammary Gland Atrophy

Secretion of milk

  1. Milk protein = merocrine
    • exocytosis/active transport
  2. Milk lipids = apocrine
    • apex of cell pinches off

After childbirth:

  • first secretion = colostrum
  • Tubuloalveolar sweat glands derived from epidermis
    • 15-20 lobes connnected by CT (Cooper’s or suspensory ligaments)
      • each lobe has lactiferous duct that opens on nipple

After menopause:

  • glandular elements atrophy
    • decline in ovarian hormones
    • apoptosis

HSF Block 4 (10 decks)

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