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Histo > Histo Exam 1 > Flashcards

Histo Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Histology

A

The study of microscopic anatomy of cells and tissues of plants and animals

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2
Q

The four basic types of tissue

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

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3
Q

Bichat’s contribution to histology

A

Introduced the notion of tissues as distinct entities and maintained that diseases attacked tissues and not whole organs and the body

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4
Q

Schledien and Schwann created for
Kolliker contribution

A

S&S- the discovery that all living organisms are composed of cells

K- wrote the first textbook in histology and model textbook for embryology

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5
Q

Virchow’s contribution

A

Realized early on that the cell theory required all cells to be from existing cells which would give insight into pathological processes

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6
Q

The Jansens contribution to science and Hooke

A

Jansens- They produced the first operational compound microscope that magnified 30X

Hooke- introduced the term cell

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7
Q

Anthony Leeuwenhoek

A

Made over 247 simple microscopes that were capable of magnification of 100x

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8
Q

How is refractive index calculated?

A

Velocity of light / velocity of light inside the transmitting medium

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9
Q

Focal point V. Focal length

A

FP- the point thru which all parallel rays of light pass after passing thru each part of the lens

FL- the distance of the center of the lens to the focal point

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10
Q

Real image is:

A
  1. Formed when the object is placed outside the focal point
  2. Inverted
  3. Projected onto a screen
  4. Differs in size from the object
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11
Q

Virtual image is:

A
  1. Formed when the object is placed inside the focal point
  2. Not inverted
  3. Can’t be projected
  4. Can be magnified
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12
Q

Resolution (define, formula, improve resolution)

A

D-The ability of a microscope to distinguish two small points as separate points
F- 0.61* wavelength/ n sin a
I- use higher refractive index or shorter wavelengths

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13
Q

What is the maximum visual acuity in the human eye?

A

1.5-2 um

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14
Q

Components of Light micro

A

Light source
Condenser
Stage
Objective lens
Ocular lens

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15
Q

Pros & Cons of light micro

A

Ability to magnify
Ability to resolve structural detail
Specimen must be thin
Relatively little contrast in unstained specimen

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16
Q

Advantage of a phase contrast microscope

A

Can be used to examine unstained cells & tissue
Useful for examination of living cells

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17
Q

Basic steps for tissue fixing & embedding

A

Fixing
Dehydration
Removal of alcohol
Embedding

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18
Q

Purpose for fixing tissues

A

Fixing prevents further deterioration of tissue specimen & hardens tissue prior to embedding & sectioning
Ideal fixatives give optical contrast w/ staining w/ least amount of distortion

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19
Q

Purpose for dehydration & hydration cycles used to tissue processing

A

Tissue sample will eventually be embedded & infiltrated w/ a hydrophobic material, all water needs to be removed

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20
Q

Purpose for embedding tissues for sectioning

A

Tissue specimen is moved thru several melted paraffin baths. Final bath is placed in a mold to be filled w/ melted paraffin mold rapidly is placed in cold water bath

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21
Q

What are the advantages of rotary microtomes over hand-held microtomes

A

Can be used for different tissue types, larger knife, can do serial sectional, thinner cuts

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22
Q

Tissue sectioning for TEM

A

Sections are cut at 50 to 150 nm
Diamond knives are used

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23
Q

Why do tissues need to be stained

A

To bring out detail, since they are typically colorless

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24
Q

Steps for embedded speciemens

A

The paraffin must be removed from section and mounted on slide
Accomplished with xylene
Xylene is removed using a graded series of alcohol down to water
Stains are applied and dehydrated again (thru levels of dehydration)
Drop of cement is followed by a cover slip

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25
Q

Stains such as H&E (hematoxylin & eosin)

A

Display structural features

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26
Q

Hematoxylin stain

A

Nuclear material & some cytoplasmic components

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27
Q

RER and Eosin stain cytoplasmic components differently

A

RER- dark Blue to light blue or purple
Eosin- yellowish to pinkish color

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28
Q

Basic dyes V. Acidic dyes

A

B- React w/ an ionic groups of tissue components such as phosphate, sulfate, and carboxyl groups
A- bind to tissue components by forming electrostatic linkage w/ cationic groups like amino groups of proteins

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29
Q

What does metachromasia refer to? Give an example

A

Refers to phenomenon which changes color after reacting w/ a tissue component

Ex: a toluidine blue used to stain cartilage or mast cells

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30
Q

What does histochemistry refer to

A

Used to study the chemistry of cells & tissues

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31
Q

Example of histochemical techniques

A

Perls’ Reaction- used to present the iron in tissue esp. w/ patients that have iron storage problems

Insoluble blue ppt. Occurs

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32
Q

Histochemical stain for lipids

A

Uses dyes that are soluble in lipids such as Sudan IV, Sudan black, oil red O, & Nile blue

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33
Q

Tissue classification

A

Epithelium

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34
Q

Tissue Class

A

Connective

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35
Q

Tissue

A

Bone

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36
Q

Tissue Class

A

Nervous

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37
Q

Tissue Class

A

Muscle

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38
Q

Tissue

A

Simple Columnar:

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39
Q

Tissue

A

Simple Columnar:

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40
Q

Tissue

A

Simple cuboidal

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41
Q

Tissue

A

Stratified Squamous

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42
Q

Tissue

A

Transitional

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43
Q

Tissue

A

Dense Bone

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44
Q

Tissue

A

Dense Bone

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45
Q

Tissue

A

Cancellous

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46
Q

Tissue

A

Adipose

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47
Q
A

Hyaline Cartilage

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48
Q
A

Skeletal Muscle

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49
Q
A

Cardiac Muscle

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50
Q
A

Smooth Muscle

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51
Q
A

Purkinje Cell

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52
Q

Tissue

A

Cerebral Cortex

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53
Q

Tissue

A

Cerebral Cortex

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54
Q

Schiff reaction

A

A reaction depends on formation of aldehyde groups after the exposure to HCL or periodic acid

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55
Q

Fuelgen Reaction

A

Mild hydrolysis w/ HCl exposes aldehyde groups on deoxyribose
Schiff reagent reacts w/ this and forms a deep-pink

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56
Q

PAS (Periodic acid-Schiff Reaction):

A

Periodic acid used to cleave bonds, btw adjacent carbons of carbon & form aldehyde gps. Schiff reacts with this and forms a deep-pink

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57
Q

Clinical application of Schiff reagent reaction, PAS

A

Biopsies of tissues from patient with glycogenoses (glycogen storage disease)

58
Q

Best Carmine

A

Is a dye that may also be used to demonstrate glycogen deposits

59
Q

What does Immunocytochemistry refer to

A

They are techniques that are used to study the presence of specific constituents, AKA antigens, by using monoclonal antibodies

60
Q

General characteristics of epithelial tissues

A
  1. Cells typically have a relatively uniform geometric shape when viewed
  2. Cells tightly bound together
  3. ET- have little intercellular matrix
  4. Typically display free surface
  5. Lack a free space
  6. Line body cavities & cover body surface
  7. For secretory & excretory parts of glands
  8. May be innervated
61
Q

Describe the structure of the basement membrane

A

The basal lamina is next to epithelia layer, composed of type IV collagen plus glycoproteins. Absent in lymph vessels & hepatic sinusoids

Reticular lamina is in contact with underlying CT & consist of argyrophilic fibers, reticular fibers & glycoproteins

62
Q

Functions of basement membrane

A

Selective filtration barrier
Scaffold for embryogenesis & regeneration
Stabilzation of tissue shapes

63
Q

Criteria used to classify epithelial tissues

A

Based on number of cell layers
Based on shape of most superficial layer of cells
Surface modifications on the apical domains- cilia, stereocilia, microvilli
Presence or absence of keratin

64
Q

Apical Domain of Epithelial cells

A

Characterized via surface modifications such as cilia or microvilli & apical domains face a lumen or external environment

65
Q

Basolateral domains of epithelial cells

A

Sides & bases of the cells are characterized by intercellular junctions & these cell surfaces in contact with the basement membrane & surrounding cells

66
Q

List the specializations of apical surface

A

Microvilli- brush border
cilia
Stereocillia

67
Q

Locations of Simple Squamous epithelium

A

Lines Lumina of ducts, vessels, & other tubular structures
Forms walls of alveoli, Bowman’s capsules & inner surfaces of membranous labyrinth & tympanic membrane

68
Q

Location of simple cuboidal epithelium

A

Cells may be low or high- almost squamous or columnar
May have brush border- kid tubes
Ovary, pigmented epithelium of retina, kidney tubes, gland, & ducts, terminal bronchioles, choroid plexus, & anterior capsule of lens of eye

69
Q

Location of simple columnar epithelium

A

Ciliated- upper respiratory tract, uterine tubes, uterus, paranasal sinuses, & central canal of spinal cord
Non-ciliated- digestive tract- st at cardia of stomach, gall bladder, & parts of excretory ducts of glands

70
Q

Location of stratified squamous epithelium

A

Heavy Keratin- epidermis w. CT papillae & cornea w/o CT papillae

Light & or Non- esophagus, vagina, lining of the mouth, tongue & part of epiglottis

71
Q

Stratified cuboidal epithelium locations

A

Seldon found but may occur in small areas of anal mucosa, large excretory ducts of some glands, & part of the male urethra

72
Q

Stratified columnar epithelium locations

A

Seldom found.
Occurs in the ducts of adults sweat glands, fornix of the conjunctiva of the eye, parts of the male reproductive/ urinary tract, the pharynx, & the epiglottis

73
Q

Pseudostratifed epithelium locations

A

Ciliated pseudo columnar, in trachea
Pseudo epi w/ stereocilia in epididymis

74
Q

Transitional epithelium (Urothelium) locations

A

In urinary system

75
Q

Types of epithelium

A

Covering & lining
Glandular

76
Q

Functions of epithelium

A

-covering & lining
-protection
-tight barriers
-Leaky barriers
-secretion/ absorption- Simple/ pseudostratifed

77
Q

Structure of Microvillus

A

Finger-like projections of the apical cell membrane supported via cross-linked actin bundles
Non-motile
Form a uniform border across apical membrane (brush border)
-actin filament core

78
Q

Function of brush border & locations

A

Increase surface area of absorption
Found intestinal epithelium & on parts of renal tubules

79
Q

Actin filament core of microvilli

A

Terminal web
Distal end- capped by formin- interacts w/ barbed ends of actin filament
Actin filaments of core R crossed-linked via villain & fimbrin
Core actin filaments connect intermediate filaments of web

80
Q

Structure of cilium

A

9 peripheral doublets & central pair of micro tubes
Each doublet consist of alpha tubule & beta tubule

81
Q

Alpha & beta tubule of cilium

A

A- 13 protofilaments, radial spokes extending to sheath around central pair, pairs of Dunedin arms project to Beta unit of next doublet
B- 10-11 protofilaments

82
Q

The basic Unit of the cell membrane

A

Consist of phospholipid bilateral in which are embedded or attached a wide variety of proteins & glycoproteins

83
Q

Phospholipid bilayer

A

Consist of hydrophilic (head) & hydrophobic (two tails) end

84
Q

Glycolipids

A

Found in outer leaflet w/ carbo portion facing the extra cellular environment

Creates a cell coat involved in cell to cell interactions & convey antigencity
Links via sugar residues
Important in activation of MAP kinases associated w/ signal transmission

85
Q

Lipid rafts

A

Small patches of cholesterol & spingolipids (sphingomyelin & glycolipds)

86
Q

Glycocalyx

A

Carbohydrate coat on extracellular surface of the cell membrane & composed of carbo portions of glycolipds & glycoproteins

Protects cell from ionic & mechanical stress, barrier against micros. Involved in cell to cell interactions

87
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

Found on both the outer & inner leaflets of the cell membrane facing either the extracellular or the in trace lunar fluid
Can be removed more easily than integral proteins by changing ionic Conc. Or pH

88
Q

Integral proteins

A

Embedded w/in the phospholipid bilayer
Extracellular portion typically glycosylated
Associate with non polar core of bilayer directly or indirectly
Includes proteins that span the lipid bilayer one more more times & proteins anchor the lipid bilayer but don’t pass thru

89
Q

Transmembrane proteins

A

Integral proteins pass completely thru both layers of bilayer
Serve as channel & transporter proteins
Single pass or multiple pass

90
Q

Diffusion

A

High to low conc.
No energy or transport required

91
Q

Osmosis

A

Movement of water
No energy or transport required

92
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

High to low conc
Requires transport of molecule but no energy required

93
Q

Active transport

A

Movement against conc. Gradient
Requires both energy and transport molecules

94
Q

Unitransporters

A

Carries single molecule or ion unidirectionally

95
Q

Symporters

A

Co-transporter
Carries 2 molecules or ions simultaneously or sequentially in same direction

96
Q

Antiporters

A

Co-transporter
carries 2 molecules or ions simultaneously or sequentially in opposite directions

97
Q

Antiporters

A

Co-transporter
carries 2 molecules or ions simultaneously or sequentially in opposite directions

98
Q

Components of Basal lamina

A

-Laminin
-Fibronectin
-Type IV Collagen
-Entactin
-Proteoglycans

99
Q

Laminin characteristics

A

Major components of basal lamina -> consists of three chains a, b, y
Laminin has binding sites for integrins, type IV collagen, entactin & proteoglycans

100
Q

Fibronectin Characteristics

A
  • is a protein made up of two polypeptide chains cross-linked by disulfide bonds
    -has binding sites for - heparan, integrins, collagen, fibrin
101
Q

The three classes of Cadherins & where they can be found

A
  • cadherins (+ selections) R Ca+ dependent
    1. E-cadherins -> in epithelial tissues
    2. N-cadherins -> found in nerve cells
    3. P-cadherins -> found in placenta
102
Q

Why are selectins classified as lectins & what is there function

A

-they bind to carbohydrates
Fxn- involved in movement of leukocytes from blood to tissues (extravasation)

103
Q

Describe the major functions of integrins

A

Integrins are glycoproteins which are mainly involved in cell-extracellular matrix interactions. The Laminin and Fibronectin in basement membrane interact w/ collagen (incl. type IV), heparan sulfate proteoglycans, & entactin (nidogen)

104
Q

What are the three categories of junctional complexes

A

-Adherens
-Occludens
-Gap Junctions

105
Q

Adherens V. Occludens V. Gap Junctions

A

-anchor cells together & reinforce physical integrity of tissue & the cells that make up the tissues
-establish an impermeable barrier btwn adjacent cells, especially epithelial, that prevent paracellular transport
-composed of molecular pores which enable cells to rapidly exchange ions & small molecules which help coordinate activities among cells that make up tissues

106
Q

Zonula V. Macula

A

-either Adherens or Occludens. Travel all the way around the circumference of the cell and link neighboring cells to the central cell. Associated w/ intracellular actin
-A spot or snap-like junction. Adherens variety and are often referred to as desmosones or hemidesmosomes. Associated w/ intracellular intermediate filaments

107
Q

Describe the strucutre & function of Zonula occuludens

A
  • A zonula occuludens (tight junction) is a belt-like occluding junction. Which provides a barrier against paracellular transport pathway whereby solutes & fluids are transported from one side of epithelial barrier to the opposite side passing between cells
    -Claudins & Occludins are transmembrane proteins that are associated w/ junctional complex & r responsible for occlusive properties of tight junctions. They attach intracellular y to Zonula Occludens proteins ZO-2 & ZO-3
108
Q

Describe the structure of a gap junction and distinguish btwn connexons & connexins

A

-A gap junction consists of connexons-> each connexons consists of 6 connexins-> form a hexagonal strucutre w/ a hollow center

Connexons- facilitate movement of molecules up to 1.2 nm in diameter
connexins- are often clustered into patches

109
Q

List and differentiate the three types of cytoskeleton components

A

Microfilament (actin)- 7nm thick
Intermediate filaments (8-10 nm thick)
Microtubules (25 nm in diameter)

110
Q

Describe polymerization (inclu treadmilling)

A
  1. Nucleation: a trimmer is formed & additional actin monomers can then be added to either end.
    Polymerization is reversible, ATP-actin associates w/ the growing ends & ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP following polymerization
    Minus end is slow growing end, very low concentration of G-actin favor disassembly of actin filaments.

Intermediate concentrations favor a dynamic equilibrium btwn minus end & plus end (treadmilling)

111
Q

Describe the basic structure & assembly of intermediate filaments

A

-central rods of two polypeptides form a coiled dimer- rods aligned tail-tail and head-head
-dimers associate in staggered antiparallel fashion to form tetramers->Bc antiparallel association of dimers polymerized filaments dont have distinct ends-> more stable then actin & dont demonstrate dynamic behaviors
-Tetramers assemble end to end to form protofilaments
- Eight protofilaments are wound together to form filaments

112
Q

Describe the structure of a microtubule

A

25 um in diameter
Composed of tubulin dimers -a & b unit
Protofilaments are longitudinal rows of tubulin dimers
Microtubules consists of 13 protofilaments arranged parallel to form a cylinder w/ a hollow core
Protofilaments have a fast grow end (+ end) and a slow grow end (- end)

113
Q

Describe treadmilling & instability in relation to Microtubules

A

Grows more rapidly than minus end in presence of low CA ion concentration
At high concentrations of tubulin-GTP, dimers are added more rapidly than GTP is hydrolzed & Microtubules grow. If concentration is dropped tubulin-GTP drops, GTP @ plus end hydrolzyes and dimers lost

114
Q

Describe the role of Microtubules & motor molecules in intracellular & axonal transport

A
  1. Anterograde transport of cargos along a Microtubules is mediated by kinesin
  2. Retrograde transport of cargos along Microtubule is mediated by cytoplasmic dynein
  3. Disassembly of raft protein complex-cargo molecular motor machinery
    For axonal transport 1 & 2 are same; goes from minus end to positive end
115
Q

Myosin 1, myosin 2, kinesin, cytoplasmic dynein number of heads, tail binds to, heads binds to, direction of head motion

A

Myosin 1- one, cell membrane, Actin, barbed end (+ end)
Myosin 2- two, myosin 2, actin, barbed end
Kinesin- two, vesicle, microtubule, plus end
Cytoplasmic dynein- two, vescile, microtubule, minus end

116
Q

Endocrine V. Exocrine gland

A

Endo- epithelial down growth may degenerate, leaving secretory tissue isolated from its parent epithelial layer. Include: pituitary, pineal, parathyroids, adrenals, goads, liver, & pancreas
Exo- epithelia down growth may remain connected to epithelial layer form which it originated. Include: salivary glands, mammary gland, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, liver, and pancreas.

117
Q

Secretion terminology to differentiate types of glands (Exocrine, endocrine, paracrine, & autocrine)

A

Exocrine- secretory product is transported via duct system to lumen or organ surface
Endocrine- secretory product (hormone) is released directly into blood in absence of a duct
Paracrine- secretion affects neighboring cells
Autocrine- secretion affects the cell that released the secretory product

118
Q

Classification of glands based on:
-number of cells comprising the gland
-absence or presence of ductal branching
-shape of secretory portion

A

-unicellular or multicellular
-Simple multicellular (no branching) or compound multicellular (branching)
-Tubular, Alveolar (Acinar), or Tubuloalveolar (-acinar)

119
Q

Types of compound & simple glands based on the structure of excretory

A

Simple secretory portion: tubular, coiled, tubular branched, or acinar/alveolar
Compound secretory portion: branched tubular, branched alveolar (acinar) or branched tubuloaveolar (-acinar)

120
Q

List and describe categories of glands based on their type of secretion & give example

A

Serous- watery, enzyme-filled secretion. Ex: parotid salivary gland
Mucous- thick, mucin-containing secretion
Mixed (serous-muucous)- secretion is a combo of serous & mucous, acinus = mostly mucous capped via half-moon shaped group of serous cells forming a serous demilune
Ex- submandibular ( mostly serous) or sublingual (mostly mucous)

121
Q

Categories of glands by secretion w. Examples holocriene, merocrine, apocrine

A

Merocrine (eccrine)-secretory product is typically stored in membrane bound vessels & cytopla,/CM is retrieved in an exocytosis/endocytois cycle -> includes most glands
-Apocrine- apical cytoplasm released along with secretory product-> axillary sweat glands
-Holocrine- entire cell is released as part of secretory product -> sebaceous gland

122
Q

Hierarchical strucutre of a compound glands

A

Lobes- a lobe is a subdivision of a compound gland separate via adjacent lobes by septae -> septae separate lobes; & contain Bld vessels & interlobular ducts lined w/ pseduostratided epit
-Lobules- is a subdivision of a lobe via septae (but they’re dont have blood vessels)

123
Q

Describe the hierarchical duct system of a compound gland (for intralobular ducts)

A

Intralobular ducts are ducts that lie w/in a lobule and have two types:
1. Intercalated ducts- drain secretory acini, lined via simple squamous epithelium transitioning to low cuboidal epithelium, involved in bicarbonate/chloride ion exchange
2. Striated duct- lined by cuboidal epithelium transitioning to columnar epithelium w/ basal striaitons; actively reabsorb sodium ions; passively reabsorb chloride ions; actively secrete potassium ions

124
Q

Interlobular ducts V intralobar V lobar ducts

A

-formed via confluence of 2 or more striated ducts & R found in the septae btwn adjacent lobules. Lined w/ pseudostratifed columnar epithelium
-joined via confluence of 2 or more interlobular ducts, Lined w/ columnar epithelium transitioning into stratified columnar epithelium
-formed via confluence of 2 or more intralobar ducts; lined w/ stratified columnar epithelium

125
Q

Compare and contrast the three major salivary glands

A

Parotid- composed of almost entirely of serous acini; apical regions contain zygotes granules, RER predominates in basal regions of secretory cells
Submandibular- are mixed glands w/ both mucous & serous acini (predominant); myopithelia cells surround acini
Sublingual- mixed glands but mucous are predominant (pale in color) ; myoepithelia cells surround acini

126
Q

Charcterisitcs of CT

A

-relatively few cells
-abundant matrix
-CT contains many varies amounts of protein fibers
-classifed via type of matrix, fiber density, & fiber organization

127
Q

Characterize embryonic CT and where its located

A

Foun in umbilical cord and in pulp of developing teeth -> referred to as Wharton’s Jelly in umbilical cord
Composed of some collagen & elastic fibers mostly an abundance of extracellular matrix

128
Q

Compare brown fat from white fat

A

White= distributed throughout the body unilocular
Brown= contain numberous smaller lipid droplets: mutlicoular, slightly more cytoplasm, abundant mitochondria (gives more brown color)

129
Q

Collagen synthesis

A

T1 collagen = synthesized as prepropeptide -> signal sequence is cleaved after translocation of polypeptide into ER lumen of fibroblast, then propeptide molecule is secreted via fibroblast into extracellular matrix
-the procollagen mole is terminal non-helical end prevents polymerization-> they get cleaved (pepidases)->molecule is referred to as tropocollagen
-Tropocollagen monomers assemble into staggered array to form collagen fibrils -> are crossed linked to form collagen fibers (side by side)- mediated via proteoglycans & FACIT

130
Q

Elastic fiber synthesis

A

Synthesized as preproptide, wh/ secreted as propeptide, -> converted to tropoelastin via extracellular enzyme (also secreted by fibroblast )-> trpoelastin monomers are assembled into amorphous fibers or sheets w/ aid of several types of fibrillins

131
Q

Four groups of glycosaminoglycans

A

Hyaluronic acid
Heparin & heparan sulfate
Chondroitin sulfate & dermatan sulfate
Keratin sulfate

132
Q

Hyaluronic acid

A

Largest of the GAGs
Cartilage, skin, synovial fluid, & general CT
Only GAG wh/ lacks sulfate gps
Present in nearly all CT & vitreous body of eye, synovial fluid & Wharton’s jelly
Binds readily w/ H2O & serves as a lubricant in synovial fluids

133
Q

Heparin & heparan sulfate

A

Basement membrane, skin, lung, blood vessels, mast cell granules. Repeating unit in N-acetylglucosoamine & D-glucuronic acid

134
Q

chondroitin sulfate & dermatan sulfate

A

Cartilage, bone, skin, blood vessels, heart valves, cornea, most abundant sulfated GAGs

135
Q

Keratin sulfate

A

Type 1 is found only in cornea
Type 2 is found in cartilage & nucleus purposes of intervertebral disks

136
Q

Describe proteoglycans aggregate

A

Formed by:
1. An axial Hyaluronan molecule
2. Core proteins attached to hyaluronan molecule via linker protein
3. Glycosaminoglycans attached to a core protein

137
Q

Common types of cell residents include (for fibrous CT)

A

Macrophages
Mast cells
Plasma cells

138
Q

Macrophages

A

10-30um
Ovoid or indented heterochromatic nucleus
Irregular in shape w/ blunt processes- wandering macrophages R somewhat oval in shape,. Fixed macrophages are more irregular in shape w/ long processes
Capable of ameboid movement
Part of mononuclear phagocytic system (RAS)

139
Q

Mast cell

A

Irregularly oval in outline
Small spherical/ovoid nuclei often masked by membrane-bound granules
Stain w/ toluidine blue

140
Q

Plasma cell

A

Activated by B lymphocytes
Large pale nuclei w/ “clock face” distribution of heterochromatin

Histo (2 decks)

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