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Histo > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of cartilage

A

-hyaline cartilage
-Elastic cartilage
-fibrocartilage

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2
Q

Cartilage components

A

-chondroblasts-cartilage-forming cells
-chondrocytes - cartilage-maintenance cells
Matrix-> collagen fibers (mostly type 2), type 1 w/ fibro
& amorphous ground substances

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3
Q

List general characteristics of cartilage

A

Chondroblasts -> lay down cartilage matrix & beome chondrocytes
Chondrocytes->maintain cartilage matrix
Lacunae -> pockets w/in the matrix where the chondroblasts and chondrocytes are found
Avascular ->slow to heal, nutrients and O2 are derived from blood vessels that surround the cartilage and must diffuse through the matrix to the cells

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4
Q

Describe the perichondrium of the cartilage

A

Outer fibrous layer contains fibroblasts
Inner chondrogenic layer wh/ gives rise to chondroblasts. The chondrocytes is involved in the production of collagen and proteoglucans in the matrix. Chondrocytes also secrete chondronectin

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5
Q

Isogenous groups of the cartilage

A

GPS of 2-8 chondrocytes occupying the same lacunae
Results of mitotic division
Cells will beome separated as they begin to lay down matrix of their own

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6
Q

Describe the matrix of the cartilage

A

Components of the matrix -> collagen type 2 (type 1 in fibrocartilage), hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid), chondroitiin sulfate, keratan sulfate, heparin sulfate & GAGs
Territorial matrix -> surrounds each chondrocyte, high GAGs constant, low collagen content
Inter-territorial matrix -> surrounds territorial matrix, low GAGs content and high collagen content

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7
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A

Most common type of cartilage
Avascular -> cells depend on diffusion thru matrix for oxygen & nutrients
Contain type 2 collagen fibers
Surrounded by perichondrium
Translucent bluish gray to white
Solid but flexible
Chondrocytes are often found in cell groups
Growth patterns: Appositional & interstitial

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8
Q

Locations of hyaline cartilage

A

External auditory meatus
Larynx
Tracheal cartilages
Bronchial cartilages
Fetal long bones
Articular ends of bones

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9
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A

specialized by the addition of elastic fibers to the matrix
Surrounded by perichondrium
Yellow color bc of presence of elastic fibers
More opaque, flexible, & elastic than hyaline cartilage
Chondrocytes mostly located singly
Type 2 collagen plus elastic fibers

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10
Q

Found in Elastic cartilage

A

Auricle (pinna) of the ear
Epiglottis

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11
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Increased collagen in the matrix
Reduced cellular its compared to hyaline cartilage
Not surrounded by perichondrium
Opaque appearance from fiberous texture
Type 1 collagen
Single sparse chondrocytes

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12
Q

Fibrocartilage locations

A

Intervertebral discs
Pubic symphysis
Insertion of some tendons & ligaments
Closely associated w/ dense CT or hyaline cartilage

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13
Q

Matrix of bone consists of 2 major components

A

-An organic component referred to as osteoid
-an inorganic component referred to as hydroxyapatite which makes up 35-65% of the matrix

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14
Q

Three types of bone

A

Woven bone
Spongy bone
Compact bone

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15
Q

Woven bone

A

-Occurs during bone development & bone repair
Produced rapidly
Haphazard collagen foundation
Less structural integrity

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16
Q

Spongy Bone

A

Also called trabecular or cancellous bone
Has a 3D lattice of branching, bony spicules intertwined to form trabeculae surrounding the bone marrow spaces in the long bones and flat bones

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17
Q

Compact bone

A

Also called lamellar bone
Outer hard layer of bone helps give support of bone

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18
Q

Compact (lamellar) bone structure

A

-Lacks cavities & forms a dense plate on the outside of long bones or flat bones
-Consists of concentric (Haversian) lamellae which encircle a central blood vessel (& associated nerves) forming an osteon, or Haversian system
-Osteocytes are found btwn the lamellae located in lacunae & are connected to each other & Haversian canal via canaliculi
-Volkmann’s canals run perpendicular to the Haversian canals to each other & to the surface of the bone

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19
Q

Describe the periosteum, interstitial lamella,,, and endosteum

A

-the periosteum is formed via two layers of the outer layer which contains abundant collagen fibers & blood vessels that penetrate Volkmann’s canals. The inner layer contains osteoprogenitor cells
-connects everything with in the Haversian system
- consist of osteoprogenitor cells & reticular fibers. They become osteoblasts in adults

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20
Q

Describe Sharpey’s fibers, Cement line, & osteon

A

-are collagen fibers derived from the outer layer of periosteum protecting into the outer lamellar system
-holds the Haversian system
-is another name Haversian system

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21
Q

Describe Haversian canal and Volkmann’s canal

A

-forms a network in the bone and contains t=blood vessels
-blood vessels in a direction perpendicular/oblique to the Haversian canal

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22
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Secretes bone matrix & secretes collagen and catalyzes mineralization

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23
Q

Osteocyte

A

Maintain bone matrix
Help control calcium and phosphate levels in matrix
Derived from osteoblasts and are trapped by the matrix they secrete

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24
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Remodels bone through bone resorption

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25
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells

A

-Stem cells which in the adult are described as bone lining cells
-In the adult they are found in the inner portion of the endosteum, and lining vascular canals of compact bone
-These cells are derived from mesenchyme of the embryonic somite and possess mitotic potential
-Osteoprogenitor cells give rise to osteoblasts and bone lining cells

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26
Q

Osteoclasts cells are derived from

A

The monocytes lineage, which in turn, is derived from the monocyte precursors in bone marrow

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27
Q

Osteoblasts and regulating osteoclasts

A

-osteoprotegerin binds to RANKL w/ greater affinity than RANK
This inhibits maturation of osteoclasts
Parathyroid hormone blocks the synthesis of osteoprotegerin

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28
Q

Osteoclasts function

A

2 major products secreted via osteoclasts are involved in bone reabsorption: Cathepsin K (involved in bone rendering and resorption that catablize organic matrix) and H+ Cl- ions (dissolve the inorganic matrix)

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29
Q

Steps of Intramembranous Bone Formation

A

*Mesenchymal to bone
1. Aggregation of Mesenchymal cells: Mesenchymal cells -> osteoblasts. Osteoblasts secrete osteoid, trappings some of the osteoblasts =blastema
2. Trapped osteoblasts -> osteocytes. Mineralization occurs via calcium
3. Osteoblasts form an epithelial-like covering over the surface of primary bone tissue & can secrete more osteoid on the surface
4. Primary ossification center becomes a trabecula. Numerous trabeculae fuse together to form spongy bone
5. Initial bone is woven bone: collagen fibers are
arranged randomly
6. Lamellae may become symmetrically arranged around a blood vessel forming an osteon (Haversian system)
7. Membrane bone usually consists of two layers of compact bone enclosing a layer of spongy bone (diploe)

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30
Q

Steps of Endochondral Bone Formation

A

*Mesenchymal -> cartilage -> bone
1. Primary ossification center occurs in future diaphysis of cartilage model. Chondrocytes become hypertrophic (they grow really big). Chondrocytes secrete vascular endothelial growth factor
2. Blood vessels break thru perichondrium, bringing in osteoprogenitor cells. Hypertrophic cartilage cells undergo apoptosis, leaving behind thin strands of calcified matrix
3. Osteoblasts use calcified strands as substrates for deposition of osteoid. Osteoid is calcified
4. Simultaneously, cells derived from initial perichondrium begin to secrete osteoid appositionally. Perichondrium now = periosteum
5. Secondary ossification centers occur in the epiphyses . Epiphyses and diaphyses are separated initially by epiphyseal plates (growth plates)-zones of epiphyseal plate

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31
Q

What is a joint

A

A joint is where two bones come together

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32
Q

Cartilaginous joints (amphiarthroses)

A

Bones are joined by hyaline or fibrocartilage
Type: Symohysis:
-Symphyses are joined by fibrocartilage
Ex- intervertebral discs and the pubic symphysis
Type: Synchondrosis:
Synchondrosis are joined by hyaline cartilage
Ex- epiphyseal plates and the first sterncostal joint

33
Q

Fibrous Joints (sunarthroses)

A

-Bones are joined by collagenous and or elastic fibrous CT

Type - suture ex. Skull
Type - Gomphosis Ex. Peg in socket joint such as the teeth
Type- Syndesmosis ex. Bones are joined by an interosseous fibrous membrane such as the fibrous membrane between the tibia and fibula

34
Q

Synovial joints (diarthroses)

A

-movable joints exemplified by a connective capsule surrounding a fluid-filled joint space
-synovial joints are often reinforced by thickenings of the outer part of the capsule referred to as ligaments
-ligaments stabilize the capsule and the joint
-ligaments control and restrict direction and range of motion

35
Q

Types of Synovial joints

A

-movement in one axial -> hinge (knee or pivot (radioulnar)
-movement in two axial -> condyloid (metacarpophalangeal) or a saddle (first carpometacarpal)
-joints in three axial -> ball and socket

36
Q

Histology of synovial joints contain

A

-Articular cartilage
-Joint capsule
-Synovial membrane
-Synovial fluid
-Synovial cells

37
Q

Articular cartilage of synovial joint

A

-Hyaline cartilage
-Lacks perichondrium
-not lined by synovial membrane

38
Q

Joint Capsule of synovial joint

A

-Vascularized dense CT
-Lined by synovial membrane
-Attached to edges of articular cartilage

39
Q

Synovial membrane

A

-highly vascularized (finest rated capillaries)
-1-3 layers of synovial cells
-no basal lamina

40
Q

Synovial fluid

A

Contains mucin (hyaluronic acid-protein complex)
Produced by synovial cells

41
Q

Synovial cells

A

Type A (macrophage-like)
Type B (Fibroblast-like)

42
Q

Erythrocyte Characterisitics

A

4.3-5*10^3/uL in males 3.5-5 in females
Produced by kidneys
Devoid of granules and organelles

43
Q

Neutrophil Characteristics

A

7-9um
3-5 nuclear lobes with connecting strands
Active amoeboid phagocytes
Remain in circulation for 10-12 hours
Live for 1-2 days after leaving circulation
Secrete a class of enzymes capable of destroying certain bacteria by formation of free radicals AWA the release of lysozyme and lactoferrin, which destroys bacterial walls

44
Q

Basophil Characteristics

A

7-9 um
Lobulated nucleus (bilobed)
Contains vasoactive substances and leukotrienes (increases vascular permeability & slow concentration of smooth muscles)
INFECTIONS

45
Q

Eosinophil Characteristics

A

9-10um
bilobed nucleus
Sp granules: Major basic protein (MBP)-> disrupts parasite membranes, causes basophils to release histamine
Respond in allergic diseases and parasitic infections
Phagocytize antibody-antigen complexes and parasites

46
Q

Lymphocyte Characteristics

A

Large rounds sometimes indented nucleus, fills most of cell
Variation in cell size
B lymphocytes -> matures in bone marrow, precursor of plasma cells
T Lymphocytes -> matures in thymus, precursor of T lymphocytes

47
Q

Monocyte Characteristics

A

9-12 um
Largest of leukocytes
Eccentrically located, kidney-shaped nucleus
Precursor of macrophages and osteoclasts

48
Q

Selectin phase

A

-P-selectin (are from Weibel-Palade bodies) appears on the cell surface when endothelial cells are activated by inflammatory signaling
-Oligosaccharide ligands on leukocytes bind to carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs) on the P-selections
-binding of ligands to the P-selections causes leukocytes to roll alone the endothelium

49
Q

Integrin phase

A

Integrin receptors are activvvated on leukocytes membrane -> bind to ICAM-1 & ICAM2 on endothelial cells
Integrin B1 & B2 are activated on leukocyte membrane & bind to VCAM & ICAM on endothelial cell membranes
Integrin interacting with endothelial ligands promote the transendothelial migration of leukocytes

50
Q

Erthroblastosis Fetalis

A

Incompatibility of fetus and mom. Occurs with second baby (w/ first baby IgM is produced & can’t get through placenta, with second baby IgG which can get thru). D antigen is major cause of Rh incompatibity
Rh negative mothers having Rh costive babies
After delivery Anti-D antibodies mask the antigenic sites on the fetal RBC that may have leaked into the maternal circulation during childbirth

51
Q

Erthroblastosis Fetais results in

A

Hemolytic anemia which causes hypoxic injustice to the heart and liver leading to generalized edema (hydrophobic fetalis)
Jaundice which causes damage to CNS
Hyperbiliruninemia

52
Q

Cell body of neurons

A

-contains the nucleus
-Nissl bodies (substances) consists of RER & free ribosomes
-extensive RER & an elaborate Golgi structures visible w/ light microscopy
-abundant mitochondria & Microtubules (neurotubules) & intermediate filaments (neurofilament)
-associated w/ ligand gated channels & local potentials

53
Q

Dendrites

A

-conduct impulses (LP) towards the cell body
-contain nissl substances, mitochondria, & other cytoplasmic components as cell body except Golgi body
-may be studded with/dendritic spines
-tend to taper distally & may branch
-associated w/liganf gated channels & local potentials

54
Q

Axon hillock

A

-site for origin of axon
-Devoid of Nissl substance
-associated w/ AP generation

55
Q

Axon

A

-Associated w/ voltage gated cation channels & AP
-contains mitochondria & Microtubules
-lacks RER, ribosomes, & Golgi apparatus
-constant diameter its entire length
-terminates in branching telodendrites
-telodendrites contain synaptic vesicles & related proteins
-telodendrites form the presynatpic mem
-may be enclosed w/in a myelin sheath

56
Q

Nerve layers

A

-—epineurium
-perineurium
-endoneurium

57
Q

Nerve membrane specializations

A

-receptors
-ion channels
-ligand-gated channels on dendrites & cell bodies
-potassium channels on axon
-voltage-gated sodium channels on axon
-voltage-gated calcium channels on axon

58
Q

Epineurium of nerve

A

-thick fibrous coat
-covers entire nerve
-supplied by blood & lymphatic vessels
-Type 1 collagen & fibroblasts

59
Q

Perineurium nerve

A

-dense CT
-covers bundles of axon (fasciles) w/in nerve
-epithelial-like fibroblasts on inner surface R joined by tight junctions: zonulae occuludens, provide a permeability barrier, layer is rejoined in microsurgery for limb reattachment
-blood nerve barrier -> endothelial cells of vessels R also linked by tight junctions

60
Q

Endoneurium of nerve

A

-thin layer of reticular CT
-surrounds individual fibers & Schwann cells
-Type 3 collagen

61
Q

Nerve membrane contains

A

-presynaptic membrane-> synaptic vesicles, vesicular docking proteins & synapsid filaments, dense bodies, mitochondria, voltage-gated Ca channels
-postsynaptic membrane -> receptors & ligand gated ion channels

62
Q

Anterograde V. Retrograde

A

-cell body towards distal end of axon v. Axon toward cell body

63
Q

Anterograde

A

-utilizes Kinesin
-rate of transport -> slow, intermediate, fast

64
Q

Anterograde (slow )

A

1-6nm/day
Used in anterograde direction->only
Two systems: slow component a (SCa) & Scb-> a = preassembled Microtubules & neurofilametns; b= enzymes, actin, clathrin

65
Q

Anterograde (intermediate)

A

-50-100 nm/day
-mitochondria & other membrane-bound organelles

66
Q

anterograde (fast )

A

-utilizes mircotubules motors; 400 nm/day
-synaptic vesicles & neurotransmitters

67
Q

Retrograde

A

-utilizes cytoplasmic dynein
-carries endocytosed materials & recycled proteins
-rate of transport 100-300nm/day

68
Q

Astrocytes

A

-derived form neural crest (neurepithelum)
-found only in CNS
-have numerous process w/ expanded feet (pediceles) that terminate on capillaries or the pia mater
-fibrous or protoplasmic astrocytes

69
Q

Fibrous astrocytes

A

-found predominantly in white matter
& have long processes w/ few branches

70
Q

Protoplasmic astrocytes

A

-found predominantly in gray matter & have shorter processes w/ many short branches

71
Q

Astrocytes functions

A

-regulate composition of intercellular environment or entry of substances into it
-structural support
-BBB-> mediate exchange of nutrients & metabolites btwn blood & neurons, end feet forms glia limitans
-Development of cerebral cortex
-potassium sink
-secretion of neuron tropic factors

72
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Derived from neural crest (neuroepithelium)
-found only in CNS

73
Q

Oligodendrocytes function

A

-closely associated w/ neuron cell bodies in gray matter & function as satellite cells
-surrounds axons of unmyelinated fibers in gray matter
-myelinated axons in CNS -> each one myelinates several axons

74
Q

Schwann cells & functions

A

-derived from neural crest
-myelinates axon in PNS-> each one myelinates a section of a single axon

75
Q

Microglial cells & functions

A

-derived from macrophage precursors (bone marrow)
-phagocytes in CNS, recruit leukocytes across BBB, modulate initiation & progression of immune responses along w/ astrocytes

76
Q

Ependymal cells

A

-Ciliated cuboidal cells
-derived from neuroepithelium & line ventricular system of CNS
-functions in transport
-in choroid plexus, may be principal cells type that secretes cerebrospinal fluid

77
Q

Satellite cells

A

-derived from neural crest
-forms moons (crescents) around cell bodies in ganglia
-functions as insulators

78
Q

Menigeal layer from superficial to deep

A

-epidural space -> absent around brain
-dura mater
-subdural Space
-leptomeninx -> arachnoid mem, arachnoid villi, pia mater

79
Q

Dura mater

A

-tough mother
-tough thick sheet of dense fibrous CT
- in cranial cavity it lines inside of brain Al vault bone & serves as periosteum
-in SC the dura mater forms a CT tube that separates from the bone of the verb trail foramina b a one referred to as epidural space
-with/in are larger endothelial-lined venous sinuses that receive blood from the cerebrospinal fluid via arachnoid villi
-layer of dura; border cells separates the dura mater from the subdural space

Histo (2 decks)

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