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DMD 5247 > Histo and Embryo Cardio-Reynolds > Flashcards

Histo and Embryo Cardio-Reynolds Flashcards

1
Q

what are the main functions of the CV system?

A

–Transportation

–Regulation (homeostasis)

–Protection

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2
Q

arteries

A

blood away from the heart

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3
Q

veins

A

carries return blood towards the heart

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4
Q

what is the first functioning organ in humans?

A

heart

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5
Q

heart starts beating at ?

pumps blood at ?

A

starts to beat at day 22

pumps blood by day 24 or 25

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6
Q

most heart development occurs while

A

heart is pumping blood

(remodeling and septation)

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7
Q

heart starts as a

A

tube of contractile mycocardium lined by endothelium (endocardium)

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8
Q

cardiogenic field is established

A

cranaial to the neural plate (brain)

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9
Q

cardiogenic field is

A

arera of heart formation

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10
Q

the heart forms from the

A

visceral (splanchnin) layer of lateral plate mesoderm

  • heart forms a horseshoe-shaped tube in front of the brain
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11
Q

_______ folding brings the two sides of the cardiac region to the midline to fuse

A

lateral body

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12
Q

cardiac looping

A

is the process the heart tubes fold extensively on its self to develop it’s normal shape at 28 days

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13
Q

heart is a ____ intially

A

solid tube

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14
Q

cardiogenic region shape

A

horseshoe shape

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15
Q

Ductus venosus

A

liver

  • regulates blood presure/flow from placenta to the heart
  • can contract and counteract mother’s internal presure
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16
Q

Foramen ovale

A

heart

shunt btwen L and R atrium, allows for bypass of lungs

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17
Q

ductus arteriosus

A

great vessels

connects the pulmonary artery with the aortic arch

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18
Q

in prenatal CV

A

placenta takes place of the lungs

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19
Q

shunting of blood

(ductus venosus, foramen ovale, ductis arteriosus)

A
  • shifting of blood from one area to the next
  • they become ligaments after birth
  • trying to get as much blood away from pulmonary circuit
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20
Q

interatrial septum is formed by the fusion of

A

the septum primum and the semptum secundum

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21
Q

septum primum

A

forms on day 28 extends into the atrium from the cranial dorsal wall

(contains foramen primum and secundum)

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22
Q

foramen primum

A

exists before septum primum attaches

(on septum primum)

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23
Q

foramen secundum

A

forms by apoptosis of the septum primum

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24
Q

septum secundum

A

grows by looping and leaves an open foramen ovale

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25
what is the first opening
foramen primum
26
at birth what are puched together
septum primum and septum secundum
27
Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) excessive resorption of Septum Primum
**_excessive resorption of Septum Primum_** * Too much of apoptosis during formation of foramen secundum in the septum primum * Too large of a hole for the septum secundum to cover
28
Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) Absence of the septum secundum
septum secundum fails to form, leaving a large hole in the atrial septum
29
Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
20% Membranous 80% Muscular **Interventricular septal defects are the most common type of heart defect**
30
Cardiac muscle histology
* Intercalated disks * made from mesoderm * rely on T tubules * involuntary * one central nuclei * branching * straiations
31
Intercalated DIsks
junctions between cardiac muscle cells * points of anchorage for myofibrils (actin) * prevent pulling apart of cells durring contraction * there are gap, lose and tight junctions
32
gap junctions allow
for the rapid spread of contractile stimuli
33
How is the electrical stimulus propagated?
Gap Junctions
34
conducting system
SA node (Pacemaker) AV node (delays impulse) AV bundle Purkinje fibers
35
Pacemaker cells
spontaneous action potential induced by pacemaker potential action potential spread to nonpacemaker cells
36
wall of the heart
epicardium (outter) myocardium endocardium
37
purkinje fibers
rich in gap junctions bellow the endocardium no t tubules or intercalted disks
38
Epicardium
Outer layer * Visceral pericardium * Simple squamous epithelium * Fibrocollagenous tissue with abundant elastic fibers, adipose, nerves, coronary vessels
39
Myocardium
Middle layer * Cardiac myocytes * Collagenous connective tissue skeleton containing adipose, blood vessels, & nerves
40
Endocardium
Inner lining of atria and ventricles * Layer of fibroelastic tissue containing Purkinje fibers, blood vessels, & nerves * Layer of simple squamous epithelium (endothelium)
41
Myocardial cells are
high energy cells with high demand for oxygen
42
atherosclerousis
* blockage of blood flow in cornary arteries * damage of basment membrane * heart pains (anagina of effort) * cells are not regenerative * collagen replaces dead heart cells * Hyperatrophy of remaing heart cells * Result: complete thrombosis --\> heart attack
43
Myocardial infaraction
heart attack
44
cardiac cycle
period from start of one heartbeat and the begining of the next Systole: contraction Diastole: relaxation
45
cardiac output
CO=SV x HR
46
Cardiac output is factors:
**_the amount of blood cleared by the heart in one minute_** Affected by * Blood volume refexes (baroreceptors,...) * Autonomic nervous system * HIgher centers (rage, nervous, anger)
47
purkinje system
**_cardiac conducting cells_** * Modified, specialized cardiac muscle cells * Organized into nodes & fibers * Transmit the contractile impulse
48
Three layers (tunics) of blood vessels
Tunica intima Tunica media Tunica adventitia (outer)
49
Tunica intimia Endothelia cells
1. gas exchange 2. barrier 3. make its own basement membrane 4. promotes cloating 5. help induce vasodilation/contraciton 6. regulate inflammation
50
Elastic Arteries
* Thick tunica Adventitia * Broad tunica media with lots of elastin
51
Muscular Artery
* Thick tunica Media * Internal/external elastic lamia (none in the media)
52
Arterioles
small tunica media very small with little internal elastic laminia 1-3 smooth muscle layer
53
Capillaries
* Thin endothelial membrane * **precapillary sphincters control blood flow** * site of gas/nutrient exhange
54
continouos capillary
* Found in most tissues, * continuous endothelium, * scattered tight junctions, * transport by diffusion and pinocytosis
55
Fenestrated Capillaries
* Perforated endothelium * enables extensive molecular exchange with the blood, * Greater permeability, * Found in small intestine, kidney glomerulus, and endocrine glands
56
Discontinous (sinusoidal) capillary
* Greatest permeability * Perforated endothelium and BM * Liver, lymphoid, endocrine, hematopoietic
57
Venous System
* Always carries blood to the heart * Categorized by size * Lower pressure and thinner walls * Larger veins have the same tunics as the arteries, just not as well defined * Thinner walls allows more flexibility * Larger lumen allows more capacity * Closer to surface of the skin, easier to see * Valves present in many veins( extremities)
58
Venules
larger than capillaries but smaller than veins carry blood away from capillary beds towards the heart
59
difference between venule and arteriole?
Venule: small tunica media Arteriole: larger tunica media
60
Medium/large vein valves
muscle in your legs and arms help push blood back towards the heart

DMD 5247 (7 decks)

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