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DMD 5247 > Histo and Embryo Cardio-Reynolds > Flashcards

Histo and Embryo Cardio-Reynolds Flashcards

1
Q

what are the main functions of the CV system?

A

–Transportation

–Regulation (homeostasis)

–Protection

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2
Q

arteries

A

blood away from the heart

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3
Q

veins

A

carries return blood towards the heart

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4
Q

what is the first functioning organ in humans?

A

heart

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5
Q

heart starts beating at ?

pumps blood at ?

A

starts to beat at day 22

pumps blood by day 24 or 25

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6
Q

most heart development occurs while

A

heart is pumping blood

(remodeling and septation)

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7
Q

heart starts as a

A

tube of contractile mycocardium lined by endothelium (endocardium)

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8
Q

cardiogenic field is established

A

cranaial to the neural plate (brain)

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9
Q

cardiogenic field is

A

arera of heart formation

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10
Q

the heart forms from the

A

visceral (splanchnin) layer of lateral plate mesoderm

  • heart forms a horseshoe-shaped tube in front of the brain
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11
Q

_______ folding brings the two sides of the cardiac region to the midline to fuse

A

lateral body

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12
Q

cardiac looping

A

is the process the heart tubes fold extensively on its self to develop it’s normal shape at 28 days

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13
Q

heart is a ____ intially

A

solid tube

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14
Q

cardiogenic region shape

A

horseshoe shape

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15
Q

Ductus venosus

A

liver

  • regulates blood presure/flow from placenta to the heart
  • can contract and counteract mother’s internal presure
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16
Q

Foramen ovale

A

heart

shunt btwen L and R atrium, allows for bypass of lungs

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17
Q

ductus arteriosus

A

great vessels

connects the pulmonary artery with the aortic arch

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18
Q

in prenatal CV

A

placenta takes place of the lungs

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19
Q

shunting of blood

(ductus venosus, foramen ovale, ductis arteriosus)

A
  • shifting of blood from one area to the next
  • they become ligaments after birth
  • trying to get as much blood away from pulmonary circuit
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20
Q

interatrial septum is formed by the fusion of

A

the septum primum and the semptum secundum

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21
Q

septum primum

A

forms on day 28 extends into the atrium from the cranial dorsal wall

(contains foramen primum and secundum)

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22
Q

foramen primum

A

exists before septum primum attaches

(on septum primum)

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23
Q

foramen secundum

A

forms by apoptosis of the septum primum

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24
Q

septum secundum

A

grows by looping and leaves an open foramen ovale

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25
Q

what is the first opening

A

foramen primum

26
Q

at birth what are puched together

A

septum primum and septum secundum

27
Q

Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)

excessive resorption of Septum Primum

A

excessive resorption of Septum Primum

  • Too much of apoptosis during formation of foramen secundum in the septum primum
  • Too large of a hole for the septum secundum to cover
28
Q

Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)

Absence of the septum secundum

A

septum secundum fails to form, leaving a large hole in the atrial septum

29
Q

Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)

A

20% Membranous 80% Muscular

Interventricular septal defects are the most common type of heart defect

30
Q

Cardiac muscle histology

A
  • Intercalated disks
  • made from mesoderm
  • rely on T tubules
  • involuntary
  • one central nuclei
  • branching
  • straiations
31
Q

Intercalated DIsks

A

junctions between cardiac muscle cells

  • points of anchorage for myofibrils (actin)
  • prevent pulling apart of cells durring contraction
  • there are gap, lose and tight junctions
32
Q

gap junctions allow

A

for the rapid spread of contractile stimuli

33
Q

How is the electrical stimulus propagated?

A

Gap Junctions

34
Q

conducting system

A

SA node (Pacemaker)

AV node (delays impulse)

AV bundle

Purkinje fibers

35
Q

Pacemaker cells

A

spontaneous action potential induced by pacemaker potential

action potential spread to nonpacemaker cells

36
Q

wall of the heart

A

epicardium (outter)

myocardium

endocardium

37
Q

purkinje fibers

A

rich in gap junctions

bellow the endocardium

no t tubules or intercalted disks

38
Q

Epicardium

A

Outer layer

  • Visceral pericardium
  • Simple squamous epithelium
  • Fibrocollagenous tissue with abundant elastic fibers, adipose, nerves, coronary vessels
39
Q

Myocardium

A

Middle layer

  • Cardiac myocytes
  • Collagenous connective tissue skeleton containing adipose, blood vessels, & nerves
40
Q

Endocardium

A

Inner lining of atria and ventricles

  • Layer of fibroelastic tissue containing Purkinje fibers, blood vessels, & nerves
  • Layer of simple squamous epithelium (endothelium)
41
Q

Myocardial cells are

A

high energy cells with high demand for oxygen

42
Q

atherosclerousis

A
  • blockage of blood flow in cornary arteries
  • damage of basment membrane
  • heart pains (anagina of effort)
  • cells are not regenerative
  • collagen replaces dead heart cells
  • Hyperatrophy of remaing heart cells
  • Result: complete thrombosis –> heart attack
43
Q

Myocardial infaraction

A

heart attack

44
Q

cardiac cycle

A

period from start of one heartbeat and the begining of the next

Systole: contraction

Diastole: relaxation

45
Q

cardiac output

A

CO=SV x HR

46
Q

Cardiac output is

factors:

A

the amount of blood cleared by the heart in one minute

Affected by

  • Blood volume refexes (baroreceptors,…)
  • Autonomic nervous system
  • HIgher centers (rage, nervous, anger)
47
Q

purkinje system

A

cardiac conducting cells

  • Modified, specialized cardiac muscle cells
  • Organized into nodes & fibers
  • Transmit the contractile impulse
48
Q

Three layers (tunics) of blood vessels

A

Tunica intima

Tunica media

Tunica adventitia (outer)

49
Q

Tunica intimia

Endothelia cells

A
  1. gas exchange
  2. barrier
  3. make its own basement membrane
  4. promotes cloating
  5. help induce vasodilation/contraciton
  6. regulate inflammation
50
Q

Elastic Arteries

A
  • Thick tunica Adventitia
  • Broad tunica media with lots of elastin
51
Q

Muscular Artery

A
  • Thick tunica Media
  • Internal/external elastic lamia (none in the media)
52
Q

Arterioles

A

small

tunica media very small with little internal elastic laminia

1-3 smooth muscle layer

53
Q

Capillaries

A
  • Thin endothelial membrane
  • precapillary sphincters control blood flow
  • site of gas/nutrient exhange
54
Q

continouos capillary

A
  • Found in most tissues,
  • continuous endothelium,
  • scattered tight junctions,
  • transport by diffusion and pinocytosis
55
Q

Fenestrated Capillaries

A
  • Perforated endothelium
  • enables extensive molecular exchange with the blood,
  • Greater permeability,
  • Found in small intestine, kidney glomerulus, and endocrine glands
56
Q

Discontinous (sinusoidal) capillary

A
  • Greatest permeability
  • Perforated endothelium and BM
  • Liver, lymphoid, endocrine, hematopoietic
57
Q

Venous System

A
  • Always carries blood to the heart
  • Categorized by size
  • Lower pressure and thinner walls
  • Larger veins have the same tunics as the arteries, just not as well defined
    • Thinner walls allows more flexibility
    • Larger lumen allows more capacity
  • Closer to surface of the skin, easier to see
  • Valves present in many veins( extremities)
58
Q

Venules

A

larger than capillaries but smaller than veins

carry blood away from capillary beds towards the heart

59
Q

difference between venule and arteriole?

A

Venule: small tunica media

Arteriole: larger tunica media

60
Q

Medium/large vein valves

A

muscle in your legs and arms help push blood back towards the heart

DMD 5247 (7 decks)

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