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Histo Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 8 steps of sample preparation

A

1 fixation
2 dehydration
3 clearing
4 infiltration
5 embedding
6 sectioning
7 rehydration
8 staining

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2
Q

What are the auxchrome staining

A

Hematoxilin and eosin

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3
Q

What does hematoxylin stain?

A

It’s basic so anionic components like heterochromatin and nucleoli, cartilage, extra cellular materials

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4
Q

What does eosin reacts with

A

Cationic groups= cytoplasmic filaments, intracellular membranes, extracellular fibers, muscle fibers, collagen

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5
Q

Where can you find simple squamous epithelium?

A

Air sacs lungs, heart, blood and lymphatic vessels

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6
Q

Where can you find simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

Ducts and secretory portion glands, kidney tubules, ovary, thyroid follicles, pancreas, liver

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7
Q

What are the functions of simple columnar epithelium?

A

Absorb and secrete mucous and enzymes

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8
Q

Where can you find stratified squamous epithelium?

A

Esophagus, mouth, vagina

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9
Q

What are the 3 layers of skin

A

Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis

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10
Q

How is epidermis

A

Keratinized, stratified, squamous

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11
Q

What are the 5 layers of epidermis

A

Stratum corners
Lucidum
Granulosum
Spinosum
Basale

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12
Q

What kind of cells can you find in stratum spinosum

A

Desmosomes, langherans, Markel

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13
Q

What kind of cells are in stratum basale

A

Melanocytes and cell that divide

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14
Q

What’s at the base of epidermis

A

Basement membrane

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15
Q

Where can you find stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

Sweat glands, salivary glands, mammary glands, pancreas

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16
Q

What are goblet cells

A

Secretory cells

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17
Q

Where can you find pseudostratified epithelium

A

Trachea, upper respiratory tract

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18
Q

Where can you find transitional epithelium

A

In bladder, urethra and ureters

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19
Q

How do cells change in transitional epithelium

A

Stretched (superficial umbrella cells)
Relaxed (rounder)

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20
Q

What are tight junctions

A

Restrict passage substance most apical membrane with adjacent

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21
Q

Where can you find anchoring junctions

A

Right under tight junctions

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22
Q

What are desmosomes

A

Scattered localized spot like junctions

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23
Q

What’s the name of half channels in gap junctions

A

Connexins

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24
Q

What are hemidesmosomes

A

Junction between epithelial cell and basal marina

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25
Q

What is lamina lucida

A

Lamina of basal surface made of integrins, laminins, collagen, dystroglycans

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26
Q

How are glandular cells divided

A

Merocrine
Holocrine
Apocrine

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27
Q

What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands

A

Exocrine secrete in a duct, endocrine in blood vessel

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28
Q

How are glands divided

A

Simple alveolar/acinar
Simple branched
Simple tubular
Simple coiled tubular
Simple branched tubular
Compound alveolar
Compound tuboalveolar
Compound tubular

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29
Q

How can the end piece of glands be

A

Tubular
Acinar
Alveolar

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30
Q

Tell me 7 endocrine glands

A

Pituitary, pineal, parathyroid, andrenal, pancreatic, ovaries, testis

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31
Q

What does exocrine pancreas excrete

A

1200 ml enzymes (proteases, lipases, amylases) and pancreatic juice

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32
Q

What does endocrine pancreas excrete

A

Glucagon, insulin, somatostatin

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33
Q

What does the pars distalis of pituitary gland secrete

A

GH, prolactin, TSH, Lh, FSH, ACTH

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34
Q

What does pars intermedia pituitary gland secrete

A

MSH, ACTH, endorphins, lipoprotein

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35
Q

What produces oxytocin

A

Paraventricular nuclei

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36
Q

What does thyroid release

A

Thyroxin and calcitonin

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37
Q

What does parathyroid hormone do

A

Calcium release, kidneys calcium reabsorption, hormonally active vit d3 in kidneys

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38
Q

Which are the cells of connective tissue

A

Fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, adipose cells, mesenchymal stem cells, plasma cells, leukocytes

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39
Q

Which are ground substances of collagen matrix

A

Proteoglycans, multiadhesive glycoproteins, glycosamminoglycans

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40
Q

Which is the resident cell population of collagen

A

Fibroblasts, macrophages, adipocytes, mast cells, adult stem cells

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41
Q

What are the cells of the wandering cell population in collagen

A

Lymphocytes, plasma cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes

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42
Q

What is the job of fibroblasts

A

To produce collagen and other components matrix

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43
Q

What are macrophages and what do they do

A

They are phagocytic cells from monocytes with many lysosomes active in the immune response where they perform phagocytosis

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44
Q

Where do mast cells develop

A

Bone marrow differentiated in connective

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45
Q

What do mast cells synthesize

A

Leukotrienes, interleukins and other inflammation promoting cytokines

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46
Q

What are the 3 adipocytes

A

White
Beige
Brown

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47
Q

What cells does a multipotent mesenchymal stem cell produce

A

Smooth muscle, adipocytes, tenocyte, osteoblasts and chrondrocytes

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48
Q

What are the three principal types of connective tissue fibers

A

Collagen, reticular and elastic

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49
Q

Where is collagen formed

A

Fibroblasts

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50
Q

Composition reticular fibers

A

Type III collagen

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51
Q

Where are elastic fibers produced

A

Fibroblasts and smooth muscle cell

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52
Q

How are elastic fibers composed

A

Core elastine associated with network fibrillins and micro fibrils

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53
Q

What is aggrecan

A

Proteoglycan bound via link protein to hyaluronan in cartilage and chrondrocytes (hydration)

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54
Q

What is the largest and longest GAG

A

Hyaluronan

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55
Q

What is heparin

A

Gag in granules mast cells and basophils functioning as anticoagulant

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56
Q

Where is alveolar loos connective tissue found

A

Mesenthery

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57
Q

Where is reticular loose connective tissue found

A

Kidneys, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow

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58
Q

How is dense connective tissue divided

A

Regular
Irregular
Elastic

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59
Q

Composition and placement dense regular connective tissue

A

Type I collagen, where great strength required= ligaments, tendons, aponeurosis

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60
Q

Composition and placement irregular dense connective tissue

A

Collagen and elastic fibers in joint capsules and dermis skin

61
Q

Composition and placement elastic dense connective tissue

A

Elastin and collagen fibers, in arterial walls

62
Q

Brown adipocytes

A

Many fat droplets, many mitochondria, mostly in fetal life to generate heat

63
Q

White adipocytes stem cells maturation

A

Perivascular stem cell (multipotent)
PPARgamma/RXR master switch
Early lipoblast
Midstage lipoblast
Late lipoblast
Mature adipocytes

64
Q

Brown adipocytes stem cells differentiation

A

Skeletal myogenic progenitor multipotent cell
PRDM16/PGC-1 master switch
Early lipoblast Mistake
Brown adipocytes

65
Q

Where are erythrocytes formed in fetal life

A

Yolk sac
Liver second trimester
Bone marrow third trimester
Spleen in second participates

66
Q

Erythrocytic differentiation

A

Proerythroblast
Basophilic erythroblast
Polychromatophilic erythroblast
Normoblast
Reticulocyte
Erythrocyte

67
Q

Blood composition

A

Plasma 55%
Buffy coat (leukocytes and platelets) 1%
Erythrocytes 45%

68
Q

Plasma proteins

A

Albumin
Globulin
Fibrinogens
Others

69
Q

Albumin in plasma

A

Major component osmotic pressure, smallest, made in liver, carrier for hormones, metabolites and drugs

70
Q

What do globulins do

A

Antibodies and transport proteins

71
Q

Function fibrinogen

A

Blood clotting

72
Q

Granulocytes

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

73
Q

Function neutrophils

A

Phagocyte pathogens

74
Q

Function eosinophils

A

Digest large pathogens using granules and reduce inflammation

75
Q

Basophils functions

A

Promote blood flow to injured tissue and inflammatory response

76
Q

Agranulocytes

A

Lymphocytes
Monocytes

77
Q

Function lymphocytes

A

Specific immunity B cells antibodies
T cells destroy cancers and infected cells

78
Q

Granules neutrophils

A

Primary granules
Azurophilic granules
Specific secondary granules
Tertiary granules
Secretory granules

79
Q

Final products eosinophils

A

Major basic proteins, eosinophilic derived neurotoxin, eosinophilic cationic protein, eosinophil peroxidase, enzymes, leukotrienes and prostaglandins, interleukins, transforming growth factor and galectin-10

80
Q

Sombrero vesicles

A

Rapidly transport products from granules to plasma membrane when no granule granule or granule plasma membrane fusion

81
Q

How are lymphocytes divided

A

T lymphocytes
B lymphocytes
NK cells

82
Q

What are the granules in monocytes

A

Azurophilic granules, the lysosomes of the cells

83
Q

What are thrombocytes

A

Small membrane bound anucleate cytoplasmic fragments megakatyocytes

84
Q

4 zones platelets

A

Peripheral
Structural
Organelle
Membrane

85
Q

Function platelets

A

Blood clotting

86
Q

Blood vessel composition

A

Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica adventitia

87
Q

How are vessels generated

A

Vasculogenesis
Angiogenesis

88
Q

3 types of capillaries

A

Continuous
fenestrated
Sinusoidal

89
Q

What is the composition of cartilage

A

Perichondrium, chrondroblast, chrondrocytes, matrix

90
Q

Blood in cartilage

A

No but capillaries in perichondrium

92
Q

3 types of cartilage

A

Hyaline
Fibrocartilage
Elastic

93
Q

What types of cartilage have perichondrium

A

Hyaline and elastic

94
Q

What is the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells in chondrocytes

A

Chondroblasts which excrete matrix, form lacunae and divide with mitosis in chondrocytes

95
Q

Where can you find hyaline cartilage

A

Embryonic skeleton, end bones in free moving joints

96
Q

Compositionhyaline cartilage

A

Extensive ecm (II collagen, GAGs, proteoglycans, multi adhesive glycoproteins) separating sparse populations chondrocytes

97
Q

Articular hyaline cartilage function

A

Long bones growth in length and found also on articular surface joint and rib cage

98
Q

Where is elastic cartilage

A

External ear, auditory tube, middle ear, epiglottis

99
Q

Where is fibrocartilage

A

Intervertebral disks, ligaments, tendons, pubic symphisis

100
Q

Classification bone

A

Spongy
Compact

102
Q

Macroscopic structure bone

A

Diaphysis
Epiphysis
Metaphysis

103
Q

What covers bone

A

Hyaline cartilage on articular surfaces
Periosteum

104
Q

Bone cells

A

Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts

105
Q

Harvesian system

A

Osteons with central canal x vessel/nerve
Concentric lamellaeWith in between lacunae containing osteocytes and caniculi (allows them to communicate and nutrients)

106
Q

Endochrondrial ossification

A

1 primary ossification center
2 cavitation hyaline
3 Periostal bud and spongy bone formation in month 3
4 Medullary cavity and secondary ossification centers at birth
5 Ossification epiphyses in childhood

107
Q

3 types of muscles

A

Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac

108
Q

Muscle fiber composition

A

Muscle cell in fascicles in endomysium surrounded by perimysium and the whole muscle mass surrounded by dense collagenous sheet= epimysium

109
Q

Contractile proteins

A

Actin
Myosin

110
Q

Sarcomere

A

Functional unit between a discs

111
Q

Self renewal muscle cells

A

Satellite activations and proliferation
Migration toward damaged
Fusion with damaged
Regenerated cell with central nucleus

112
Q

Composition thin filament

A

Polymerized actin molecules+ regulatory proteins+ thin filament associated proteins

113
Q

Tropomyosin at rest

A

Covers myosin attachment on actin

114
Q

Muscle contraction mechanism

A

Ca2+ binds troponin so tropomyosin uncovers myosin attachment on actin

115
Q

Types of muscle fibers

116
Q

T tubules in cardiac muscle

118
Q

Classification smooth muscle

A

Visceral
Multi unit

119
Q

What percentage of the brain is gray matter?

120
Q

What is the role of white matter in the brain?

A

Allows communication between gray matter and the body.

121
Q

What do neurons transmit?

A

Electrical signals and information over long distances.

122
Q

What are glia cells responsible for?

A

Cleaning, repopulating, protecting, and healing neurons and connections.

123
Q

List the four types of ependymal cells.

A
  • Ependymal cells
  • Oligodendrocytes
  • Astrocytes
  • Microglia
124
Q

What types of supporting cells are found in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

A
  • Satellite cells
  • Schwann cells
125
Q

What are the three main components of a neuron?

A
  • Cell body
  • Dendrites
  • Axons
126
Q

What separates blood vessels from nerve tissue in the brain?

A

Basal lamina connective tissue.

127
Q

What is the function of the blood-brain barrier?

A

Protects neurons from electrolytes, hormones, and harmful substances.

128
Q

What is the structure of pseudounipolar neurons?

A

Posterior root and cranial nerve ganglion.

129
Q

What type of neuron has two protoplasmic processes?

A

Bipolar neurons.

130
Q

Describe multipolar neurons.

A

Have 3 or more processes and are primarily found in the CNS.

131
Q

What is the role of sensory neurons?

A

Afferent neurons that transmit information to the CNS.

132
Q

What do interneurons do?

A

Connect sensory and motor neurons.

133
Q

What type of neuron is a motor neuron?

A

Efferent neuron that sends signals to the body.

134
Q

What are microtubules associated with?

A

Axons and their structural integrity.

135
Q

What is the function of dendritic spines?

A

Facilitate axodendritic synapses with axons.

136
Q

What types of synapses exist?

A
  • Axodendritic
  • Axosomatic
  • Axoaxonic
137
Q

What is the primary role of astrocytes in the CNS?

A

Metabolic, structural, homeostatic, and neuroprotective functions.

138
Q

What type of cells are microglia?

A

Immune cells in gray matter.

139
Q

What is the ependymal lining composed of?

A

Columnar cells joined by junctional complexes.

140
Q

What do oligodendrocytes do?

A

Wrap around axons to form myelin sheaths.

141
Q

What structures surround nerve fibers in the PNS?

A
  • Endoneurium
  • Perineurium
  • Epineurium
142
Q

What is the function of satellite cells?

A

Surround neuron cell bodies in sensory ganglia.

143
Q

What do Schwann cells produce?

A

Myelin sheaths around axons.

144
Q

What is myelination?

A

The process by which Schwann cells wrap around axons.

145
Q

What increases the thickness of the myelin sheath?

A

Axon diameter.

146
Q

What are the segments that make up the myelin sheath?

A
  • Adaxonal
  • Abaxonal
  • Mesaxon
147
Q

What is the purpose of the nodes of Ranvier?

A

Facilitate depolarization of the plasma membrane.

CTE (3 decks)

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