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CYTO Flashcards

1
Q

Proteasomes and their primary function

A

Non membranous organelles responsible for protein degradation (destroying misfolded proteins)

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2
Q

Energy source proteasomes for their activity

A

ATP

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3
Q

Role ubiquitin in proteasome activity

A

Labels proteins for degradation

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4
Q

Disease protein dysfunction

A

Angelman syndrome

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5
Q

Two types ER

A

RER
SER

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6
Q

Primary function RER

A

Protein synthesis and post translational modifications

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7
Q

Role SER in lipid metabolism

A

Synthesize and store lipids (cholesterol and phospholipids too)

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8
Q

Composition Golgi

A

5-8b membranous sacs called cisternae

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9
Q

Main function Golgi

A

Processes and delivers proteins and molecules

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10
Q

3 regions Golgi

A

Cis (near ER)
Medial
trans (near cell memebrane)

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11
Q

Primary function mitochondria

A

Produces ATP from sugars fats and proteins

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12
Q

Role inner mitochondrial memebrane

A

Rich in cardiolipin and site ATP synthesis

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13
Q

Mitochondrial DNA

A

Small, circular, high mutation rate, no repair mechanisms

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14
Q

Composition cytoskeleton

A

Microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments

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15
Q

What are microtubules made off

A

Alpha tubular and beta tubulins dimers

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16
Q

Role of motor proteins in microtubules

A

Facilitate intracellular transport along microtubules like kinesins and dyneins

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17
Q

What are microfilaments primary composed of?

A

Actin filaments

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18
Q

Function intermediate filaments

A

Stability to the cell and interact with junctions

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19
Q

What are cilia and flagella used for

A

Cell movement and sensory functions

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20
Q

Atonement structure

A

Surrounded by plasma membrane and consist of 9 pairs of microtubules connected by hexing and a central pair of

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21
Q

Axoneme

A

Surrounded by plasma membrane and consist of 9 pairs of microtubules connected by hexing and a central pair

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22
Q

Primary function nucleus

A

Houses genetic material and regulated cellular activity

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23
Q

Nuclear envelope composition

A

Two membranes with perinuclear cisternal space in between

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24
Q

Role nuclear pores

A

Bidirectional transport between nucleus and cytoplasms

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25
Q

What is nucleolus responsible for

A

TRNA synthesis and ribosomal assembly

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26
Q

What are the two types of chromatin in nucleus

A

Euchromatin (dispersed, actively transcribed)
Heterochromatin (condensed, inactive)

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27
Q

What is apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death signaled by DNA fragmentation, membrane blobbing and formation apoptotic bodies

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28
Q

What is necrosis

A

Cell death due injury leading to organelle damage and inflammatory response

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29
Q

Basic building blocks of all a living

A

Cells

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30
Q

Resolution limit light microscope

A

0.2 micron, best achievable

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31
Q

Difference between light and electric microscope

A

Resolution of light is 10^-3 and electron can reach 10^-10

32
Q

Fixation in sample preparation

A

Stabilizes cell morphology and tissue architecture

33
Q

Flow cytometry

A

To create cell suspensions for analysis including FACS and karyotyping

34
Q

Formula total magnification

A

Magnification objective lens x magnification ocular lens

35
Q

Function iris diaphragm in light microscope

A

Controls amount of light reaching specimen

36
Q

Principle dark fields microscope

A

Uses stop disc to block direct light allowing only peripheral light reflected off specimen to illuminate it

37
Q

How does phase contrast microscope work

A

Optical components to highlight differences in refractive indices between water and cytoplasmic components

38
Q

Advantage fluorescence microscopy

A

Fluorescent dyes that emit light under UV illumination, sometimes eliminating need staining

39
Q

Difference between TEM and SEM electron microscopy

A

TEM 2 dimensional image by passing electrons through thin specimen
SEM 3 dimensional image by scanning electrons over specimen surface

40
Q

Function plasma membrane

A

Regulation ion conductivity, access cell, cell adhesion, signaling and cell potential

41
Q

Lipids rafts and their significance

A

Flat/flask-shaped membrane invaginations rich in caveolin and cholesterol involved in signal transduction and bacterial entry

42
Q

Pathological implications lipid raft

A

Signal transduction disruption, apoptosis, cytokines production and neurodegenerative diseases

43
Q

3 steps cell communication

A

Signal perception
Intracellular signal transduction
Cellular response

44
Q

4 types of chemical signaling

A

Paracrine
Autocrine
Endocrine
Signaling across gap juctions

45
Q

Receptor mediated endocytosis

A

Specific molecules binding cargo receptors leading vesicle formation and fusion with lysosomes

46
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Macrophages engulf foreign microbes or non biological material forming phagosome

47
Q

Lysosomes

A

Digestive organelles containing hydrolysis enzymes x degrade substances from endocytosis and autophagy

48
Q

Lysosomal storage diseases

A

Gaucher, Tay-sachs, Neumann-pick

49
Q

Role peroxisomes

A

Produce and degrade H2O2, detoxify toxic molecules and participate in fatty acid oxidation

50
Q

Autophagy

A

Cellular recycling involving degradation cytoplasmic material by lysosomes

51
Q

Types of autophagy

A

Macroautophagy
Micro autophagy
Chaperone mediated autophagy

52
Q

What triggers autophagy

A

Stress, starvation, hypoxia, lack growth factor

53
Q

Significance COP I and II in intracellular transport

A

COP II anterograde transport from RER to cis Golgi
COP I retrograde transport from trans golgi to RER

54
Q

Difference kiss and run and full distension exocytosis

A

Kiss and run= transient fusion vesicles with membrane
Full distention= complete fusion

55
Q

Catalase in peroxisomes

A

Break down H2O2 in water and oxygen preventing oxidative damage

56
Q

Role Rab proteins in endosome formation

A

Regulate endosome formation and trafficking within cytoplasm

57
Q

Functional multivesicular bodies

A

Endosome containing intraluminal vesicles that degrade content in lysosomes or release it extracellularly

58
Q

Significance memebrane curvature

A

Accommodates cell morphology changes, signaling and trafficking

59
Q

Role autophagosomes in cellular recycling

A

Sequester cytoplasmic material and organelles for degradation by lysosomes

60
Q

Diseases autophagy dysfunction

A

Parkinson’s

61
Q

Role actin in phagocytosis

A

Facilitates membrane invagination and pseudopodia formation

62
Q

Snare in vesicle transport

A

Mediate vesicle docking and fusion with target membranes

63
Q

Function golgi in lysosomal formation

A

Provides enzymes and membrane components

64
Q

Significance endocytosis in Alzheimer’s

A

Elevated endocytosis and increased MGPRs in endosomal network contribute so Alzheimer’s

65
Q

Role dynamic in receptor mediated endocytosis

A

Dynamin pinches off vesicles from plasma membrane during receptor mediated endocytosis

66
Q

Function V-ATPase in lysosomes

A

Acidifies lysosomes enabling enzymatic degradation

67
Q

Role in clattering in endocytosis

A

Forms coated vesicles facilitating cargo transports

68
Q

Significance pseudopodia in phagocytosis

A

Extend plasma membrane to engulf foreign particles during phagocytosis

70
Q

Role adaption in receptor mediated endocytosis

A

Mediates signals and invaginations

71
Q

Function lamellar bodies in lysosomes

A

Protects membranes from degradation

72
Q

Role autophagy in homeostasis

A

Maintains it recycling

73
Q

Significance peroxisomes in fatty acids metabolism

A

Oxidize fatty acids to acetyl coa then exported to cytosol for energy production

74
Q

Role plasmalogens synthesized by peroxisomes

A

Essential for myelin formation and membrane integrity

75
Q

Autophagy in stress response

A

Reduces cellular compartments and produces amino acids to maintain metabolic processes

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