histo Flashcards by katherine canete

what is the branch of science includes microscopic identification and study of diseased tissue

histopathology

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similar cells

histology

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smallest unit of life carry out function

cell

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type of metabolic reaction smaller simpler molecules

catabolism

Catabolism breaks down big complex molecules into smaller, easier to absorb molecules.

Anabolism builds molecules required for the body’s functionality

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tissues sections primarily stained using

H & E

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process of production of RNA from DNA

transcription

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first step of tissue preparation

a. embedding in paraffin
b. staining
c. examination under microscope
d. fixation with chemical”

fixation

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commercial solution buffered with phosphates

ph 7

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primary function mitochondria

cellular respiration

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selectively permeable regulate movement

plasma membrane

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function of lysosome

digestion of cellular waste

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rough er is distinguished by

presence of rough ribosomes

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sorting packaging of lipids

golgi

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protein synthesis

ribosomes

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genetic information

dna > rna > protein

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first thing to do in using microscope

plug the power source

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most important cell organelle

nucleus

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epithelial type absorption gallbladder

(A) Pseudostratified
(B) Simple cuboidal
(C) Transitional
(D)Simple Columnar

simple columnar

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function of epithelial lining of the trachea

secretion and conduit

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Function of bowman’s capsule

A. Exchange
B. Filtration
C. Absorption
D. Secretion

filtration

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microvilli primarily involved

Increasing apical surface area for absorption

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motile cilia movement

active movement with rapid forward and slow recovery stroke

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during which stage of development are nodal cilia essential to establish left-right symmetry

A. Organogenesis
B. Gastrulation
C. Fertilization
D. Neurulation

gastrulation

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protein occludin junction

-occludin, claudin, JAMS

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What is the function of anchoring junctions?

connect cells to ecm and support cytoskeleton

desmoplakin's role

couple intermediate filaments to plasma membrane

what distinguishes apocrine glands from other gland types -

wide secretory portion

secretory units of pancreas?

compound acinar

eccrine sweat gland type of gland

simple coiled tubular

cervical hemo from columnar to -

stratified nonkeratinized squamous

Malfunction in the radial spokes and dynein arms

Young's Syndrome

Helicobacter pylori disrupt something -

zonula occludens junctions

attachment of spinous process in stratum spinosum -

desmosomes

layer invovled in hair lightening color ocarse-

cortex

lowering of temperature structure facilitiate heat -

sweat glands

responsible for fingerprints

dermal ridges

produce antibodies

plasma cells

melanin deposition into polymerized

stage 3

third degree burn, which process cannot happen na

re-epithelialization

initial site pathogenic agents challenged/ breached epithelial surface challenged by immune system

loose connective tissue

submucosa of your intestinal tract has this kind of connective tissue

dense irregular connective tissue

support cushion blood vessel -

mucoid connective tissue

responsible for hydration of ecm cartilage -

aggrecan

unique feature of the bone

mineralization of the matrix

found in articular surface

hyaline cartilage

dense under the periosteum

compact bone

what happens to osteoblast after nilag differentiate and do sa ila function?

apoptosis

type of development in skull and jaw -

intramembranous

type of development observed during bone healing-

endochondral

chemical largely regulates brown adipose tissue

norepinephrine

what are the two structures that direct the light towards the slide

condenser and mirror

what is the organelle that stores genetic information

nucleus

what organelle energy production

mitochondria

building block of cell

protein

what type metabolism breaks down complex to simple

catabolism

specimen of bronchus type of epithelium

pseudostratified columnar epi

apical domain of above

motile cilia

skin type of epithelium

strat sqaua keratin

identify pointed structure

keratinized/cornified layer (stratum corneum/keratin???? not sure-iask pa)

skin, dermis name of gland

sweat glands

type of epithelial

stratified cuboidal

tissue in picture

loose connective tissue

type of cells found

transient wandering cells

tissue in pic

hyaline

give type of collagen

type II, IX, Xi , X, VI

tissue pic

adipose tissue

predominant type for this tissue

white adipose tissue

skin: structure pointed

sebaceous gland

substance produced

sebum

what is the primary component of skeletal muscle contraction "a. tropomyosin b. ??? c. actin d. myosin"

d. myosin

What is slow oxidative?

type 1 muscle

What initiates the contraction cycle in cardiac muscle? "A. action potential from purkinje fibers (?? - mao ako natake down) B. acetylcholline release C.Calcium from T-tubuls D. Sodium Influx"

Transcription factor vital for the differentiation of muscle cells from myoblast "A. MyoD B. Pax7 C. Actin D. Calmodulin"

What features differeniates smooth muscle from skeletal muscle? "a. — b. Activation of myosin light chain kinase c. Presence of multiple nuclei d. Striated appearance"

What structural feature distinguishes striated muscle from smooth muscle? "a. presence of multiple nuclei b. Absence of myofibrils c. Presence of cross-striations d. Presence of intercalated discs"

What initiates the exposure of binding sites on actin during muscle contraction? "a. Release of ATP b. Release of calcium Ions c. Activation of tropomyosin d. Binding of myosin heads"

Which accessory protein that helps maintain the alignment of thick and thin filaments in the sarcomere "a. titin b. Troponin c. Neuligin (kato sa trans wa ko kabasa XD) d. Tropomyosin "

What role does tropomyosin play in muscle contraction "A. Regulates calcium [influx? Release?] b. Covers binding sites on actin c. Links actin to the —- d. Stimulates ATP hydrolysis"

Which type of skeletal muscle fibers is characterized by being fast twitch and highly resistant to fatigue? "a. Type IIa b. Type IIb C. Type I D. Type III"

Which of the following is predominantly composed of type 2 muscle fibers? "a. Pectoralis major b. erector spinae c.gastrocnemius d. Soleus"

What is the primary component of the transverse part of the intercalated disc in cardiac muscle? "A. Gap junction B. Macula adherens C. Fascia adherens D. Desmosomes"

Which of the following structures in cardiac muscle facilitates communication between adjacent cells? "A. Desmosomes B. Macula adherens C. Fascia adherens D. Gap Junctions"

During which process do the myoblasts fuse to form myotubules? "A. Muscle hypertrophy B. Muscle regeneration C. Myogenic Differentiation D. Muscle Atrophy"

what is the role of atrial natriuretic factor (ANP) in cardiac muscle? "a. Increases blood pressure b. stimulates muscle contraction c. Promotes diuresis and regulates blood volume d. Inhibits cardiac impulse formation "

Which protein is essential for the latch state in smooth muscle? "a. Caldesmon b. Calsequestrin c. Calmodulin d. Myosin Light Chain Kinase"

What initiates contraction in smooth muscle cells? "A. Skeletal muscle action potentials b. Increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration c. Inhibition of myosin light chain kinase d. Direct stimulation of acetylcholine only "

What type of muscle contracts in response to a myogenic stimulus? "A. skeletal muscle B. Cardiac muscle C. Smooth Muscle D. All of the above "

Which of the following proteins is NOT found in smooth muscle? "A. Troponin B. Actin C. Calmodulin D. Myosin "

Which factor contributes to the regeneration capabilities of smooth muscle? "A. A lack of stem cells B. Ability to undergo mitosis C. Presence of troponin D. Formulation of Scar Tissue "

Which protein complex is crucial for the linkage of dystrophin to extracellular matrix protein? "A. Actin B. Dystroglycan C. Sarcoglycan D. Troponin"

What causes ischemic pain during extreme muscular exertion?

lactic acid

How do AChE inhibitors help in the treatment of myasthenia gravis? "A. Stimulate ACh release B. Reduce antibody production C. Increase duration of ACh in synaptic cleft D. Block ACh receptors"

What is the role of myoglobin in muscle metabolism? "A. Energy production B. Oxygen storage C. Glycogen breakdown D. Calcium binding "

What is the metabolism of skeletal muscle after contraction? "A. Anaerobic glycolysis B. Phosphocreatine breakdown C. Oxidative phosphorylation D. Fatty Acid Metabolism "

What is the primary type of cell responsible for the transmission of electrical signals in the nervous system? "A. Astrocytes B. Oligodendrocytes C. Neurons D. Microglia "

Which part of the neuron is primarily responsible for receiving signals? "A. Axon B. Dendrites C. Soma D. Myelin Sheath"

A 27-year old first noticed symptoms that persisted for 24 hours including vision loss in one eye accompanied by facial weakness, numbness and difficulty with speech (dysarthria) a month ago. After the symptoms did not —- the patient reached out to her family doctor who suggested further testing. The patient underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and lesion was revealed in the brain stem. She was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis. What part of the nerve, that if damaged, will result in the disease? "A. soma B. Myelin C. Synapse D. Nucleus "

Astrocytes contribute to the formation and maintenance of the blood brain barrier, which regulates the passage of substances between the blood stream and the brain, protecting the CNS from harmful agents. What is the role of astrocytes in the nervous system? "A. Signal transmission B. —- C. Nutritional support and homeostasis D. "

It plays a crucial role in maintaining the overall health of the neuron, including the repair of cellular components. Which part of the neurons contains the nucleus and organelles? "A. Axon terminal B. Dendrites C. Soma (cell body) D. Node of Ranvier"

Axons are critical components of neurons, essential for transmitting signals and communication within nervous system. What is the main function of the axon in a neuron? "A. Receiving signals B. Conducting action potentials C. Synthesizing neurotransmitters. D. Providing structural support"

This cell primarily functions as sensory neurons. They are characterized by a single process that extends from the cell body and divides into two branches: one that transmits sensory information from the periphery (like skin, muscles, and organs) to the spinal cord, and the other that connects to the CNS. This structure allows them to efficiently convey sensory data, such as touch, pain, and temperature. Which type of neuron is this? "A. Bipolar neuron B. Multipolar neuron C. Unipolar neuron D. Ganglion "

These anatomic structures are gaps in the myelin sheath that surrounds axons in neurons. Their primary function is to facilitate the rapid transmission of electrical impulses, known as action potentials, along the axons through a process called saltatory conduction. "A. Synapse B. Dendritic spine C. Node of Ranvier D. Axon Hillock"

These cells are non-neuronal cells in the nervous system that provide support, protection, and maintenance for other neurons. They act as the immune cells of the brain, responding to injury and disease by clearing debris and dead cells. "A. Oligodendrocytes B. Ependymal cells C. Microglia D. Astrocytes "

BASTA SI ART ANG NAA DIRI Neurotransmitter primarily associated with excitatory signaling in the CNS "A. Dopamine B. GABA C. Glutamate D. Serotonin "

The axon hillock is a critical part of a neuron located at the junction between the cell body (soma) and the axon. What is the primary role of the axon hillock in a neuron? "A. Signal reception B. Action potential initiation C. Neurotransmitter release D. Myelination"

In essence, this anatomic structure is vital for conveying signals from one neuron to another, facilitating communication throughout the nervous system. Which of the following structures is found at the end of an axon and is responsible for releasing neurotransmitters? "A. Dendrite B. Axon Terminal C. Soma D. Node "

These cells produce myelin, a fatty substance that wraps around axons, forming the myelin sheath. This insulation allows for faster transmission of electrical impulses through saltatory conduction. Which of the following glial cells is responsible for myelination in the peripheral nervous system? "A. Oligodendrocytes B. Schwann Cells C. Astrocytes D. Ependymal cells"

"These neurons create pathways for detecting various stimuli (e.g. light,sound, touch, temperature, and pain) through specialized sensory receptors. Once stimuli are detected, sensory neurons transmit this information to the central nervous system (CNS), specifically to the brain, where it can be processed. Which type of neurons are these? " "A. Motor neurons B. Interneurons C. Afferent neurons D. Efferent Neurons "

What is the role of ependymal cells in the central nervous system? "a. forming myelin b. phagocytosis of debris c. producing and circulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) d. providing structural support"

Which neurotransmitter is most associated with motor neurons? "a. dopamine b. serotonin c. acetylcholine d. GABA"

What is the most important role of this body system (nervous system)? "a. survival b. protection c. movement d. motor and sensory function"

The contraction of which type of muscle is regulated by the autonomic nervous system "a. smooth muscle b. skeletal muscle c. cardiac muscle"

both A and C, pero A lang sa ang gihighlight

characteristic structure in the cell body of neurons distinguishes an axon from a dendrite under the microscope "a. nissl bodies b. axon hillock c. golgi apparatus d. nucleolus"

what cells are noted to be increased in number in patients with Parkinson's disease "a. DA secreting cells b. glial cells c. Purkinje cells d. pyramidal cells"

During depolarization, what element is needed to cause synaptic vesicles to migrate, anchor and fuse with the presynaptic membrane "a. sodium b. potassium c. calcium d. chloride"

Which of the following neurotransmitters results in inhibition at postsynaptic membrane? "a. glutamine b. glycine c. serotonin d. acetylcholine"

B. glycine

This neurotransmitter does not need a receptor to cause relaxation of the smooth muscles in the gastrointestinal tract "a. acetylcholine b. epinephrine c. enkephalins d. nitric oxide"

In patients with Guillain-Barre Syndrome, a large number of these cells are found to accumulate around nerves within nerve fascicles "a. neutrophils b. lymphocytes c. eosinophils d. monocytes"

"Which of the following structures is NOT part of the blood-brain barrier? "a. complex tight junctions b. glial cells c. astrocytes d. endothelial cells"

what happens once neurotransmitter is released

depolarization of sarcolemma;

smooth muscle

spindle-shaped; fusiform

smallest contractile unit of a striated muscle/ functional unit of myofibril

sarcomere

unique characteristics of cardiac

intercalated

titin - support/molecular spring

true

function of cerebellum "a. balance and posture b. coordination and movement c. rhythm and timing? d. all of the above"

all

auerbach is found in "a. in longitudinal musclelayer b. in circular muscle layer c. between circular and longitudinal d. both"

produced by nissl bodies-

proteins

Most epithelia are derived from

Ectoderm and endoderm

Tissue sa urinary tract

Transitional epithelium

Modified columnar cells which synthesize and secrete mucin

Goblet cells

Ductless glands

Endocrine

Involves discharge of whole secretory cells within subsequent disintegration of the cells to release the products

Holocrine

Discharge of free unbroken membrane bound vesicles containing products

Apocrine

Involves process of exocytosis and is most common form of secretion

Merocrine

Moagi sa blood vessel ang signaling padung target cell

Endocrine signaling

Dli mo agi ug blood vessels kundi thru diffusion sa extracellular space

Paracrine signaling

Signaling and target cell are the same

Autocrine signaling

Reversible conversion of one epithelial cell type to another due to stress and inflammation

Epithelial metaplasia

Autosomal recessive wherein cilia do not function normally

Primary ciliary dyskinesia

Derived from mesoderm skin layer

Dermis

Derived from ectoderm skin layer

Epidermis

Arranged in lobules and equivalent to subcutaneous fascia

Hypodermis

Last nucleated layer of skin

Granulosum

Contains eosinophilic cells skin layer

Lucidum

Projects into the epidermis

Dermal papillae

Epidermal protrusions that project to the dermis

Epidermal ridges

Study of fingerprint and footprint

Dermatoglyphic

Layers of the dermis

Papillary layer (collagen 1 and 3) Reticular layer (collagen 1 and coarser elastic fiber)

Collagen and elastic fibers form tension lines called langer's lines

True

Hematoxylin is basic (blue) Eosin is acidic (pink) Which is positive and which is negative

Positive net charge is hematoxylin Negative net charge is eosin

Tissue preparation steps Fixation Dehydration Paraffin Mounting sa slide

True

Stains carbs and carbsrich molecules into bright magenta color

Periodic acid- schiff reaction (PAS)