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pasado midterms cutie > histo > Flashcards

histo Flashcards

1
Q

cytoplasm

A

sarcoplasm

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2
Q

smooth er

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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3
Q

muscle cell membrane and it’s external lamina

A

sarcolema

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4
Q

dense irregular connective tissue; surrounds the muscle fiber

A

endomysium

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5
Q

thin connective tissue; surrounds each fascicle

A

perimysium

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6
Q

connects muscle to the bone, skin, or another muscle

A

myotendinous junction

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7
Q

reserve progenitor cells, fuses together following injury or trauma

A

satellite cell

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8
Q

•slow contractions for a long period of time without fatigue
•fibers: dark or red

A

slow oxidative muscle fibers

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9
Q

•rapid, short term contractions, leading to rapid fatigue
•fibers: white
•anaerobic metabolism of glycogen to glucose produces lactic acid
• accumulation of lactic acid leads to rapid fatigue

A

fast glycolytic fibers

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10
Q

intermediate between the two types

A

fast oxidative-glycolytic fibers

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11
Q

long cylindrical filament bundles in the sarcoplasm

A

myofibrils

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12
Q

anistropic, birefringent in polarized microscope

A

A band (dArk band)

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13
Q

isotropic, does not alter polarized light

A

I band (lIght band)

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14
Q

transverse line bisecting the I band

A

Z disc

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15
Q

repetitive contractile subunit

A

sarcomere

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16
Q

due to the arrangement of myofilaments: myosin and f actin

A

band pattern

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17
Q

thick filament

A

myosin

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18
Q

thin filament

A

actin

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19
Q

synthesize proteins to make myofilaments

A

myotubes

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20
Q

coil of two polypeptide chains in the groove between two twisted actin strands

A

tropomyosin

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21
Q

complex with three subunits

A

troponin

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22
Q

attaches to tropomyosin

A

TnT (troponin T)

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23
Q

binds calcium

A

TnC (troponin C)

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24
Q

regulates actin myosin interaction

A

TnI (troponin I)

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25
Q

acting-binding protein thay anchors actin filaments perpendicularly om the Z disc

A

a-actinin

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26
Q

largest protein in the body supporting the thick myofilaments and connects them to the Z disc

A

Titin

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27
Q

binds each thin myofilament leterally, helps anchor them to a-actinin, and spececies lenght of the actin polymers

A

nebulin

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28
Q

lighter zone central of A band

A

H zone

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29
Q

bisects H zone

A

M line

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30
Q

myomisin-binding protein in M line that holds thick filaments in place

A

myomesin

31
Q

enzyme that catalyzes transfer of phosphate groups from phosphocreatine to ADP

A

creatine kinase

32
Q

has pumps and proteins for calcium sequestration that is released in sarcolemma

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

33
Q

triad triggering calcium release when sarcolemma is depolarized

A

transvers or t-tubule

34
Q

•mutations of dysthropin gene: involved in functional organization of myofibrils
•lead to defective linkages between cytoskeleton and ECM
•resulting to atrophy of muscle fibers

A

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

35
Q

increased cell size

A

hypertrophy

36
Q

increased number of cells

A

hyperplasia

37
Q

decreased cell size

A

atrophy

38
Q

•”visceral muscle”
•major component of blood vessels, digestive, respiratory, urinary,and reproductive tracts and its organ

A

smooth muscle tissue

39
Q

network of type l and lll collagen fibers

A

endomysium

40
Q

plasmalemma invagination containg the major ion channels controlling the calcium release

A

caveolae

41
Q

release of calcium from sarcoplasmic cisternae at myofibrils

A

initiate contraction

42
Q

myofibrillar arrays of actin and myosin arrange in a criss cross pattern

A

generate contraction

43
Q

autonomic nerves

A

stimulate contractions

44
Q

•calmodulin
•myosin light-chain kinase (mlck)

A

proteins producing contraction

45
Q

benign tumos but seldom problematic

A

leiomyomas

46
Q

occuring in the wall of the uterus and produce painful pressure and unexpected bleeding as it grows larger

A

fibroids

47
Q

•mature cardiac muscle cell: 15-30 um wide, 85-120 um long with one central nucleus

A

cardiac muscle tissue

48
Q

rich capillary network

A

endomysium

49
Q

thick, forming large masses of fibrous connective tissue, resulting to the “cardiac skeleton”

A

perimysium

50
Q

transverse lines that represent interfaces adjacent cells and junctional complexes (veins, arteries, and nerves)

A

intercalated discs

51
Q

composed of many desmosomes

A

cardiac muscle tissue

52
Q

provide the ionic continuity between the cells, serving as “electrical synapses”

A

gap junctiona

53
Q

well-developed with large lumens and penetrate the sarcoplasm

A

t-tubules in ventricular muscle fibers

54
Q

profiles in junctions between its terminal cisterns and t-tubules

A

dyad

55
Q

tissue damage due to the lack of oxygen when coronary arteries are occluded by heart disease

A

ischemia

56
Q

tough, durable form of supporting connective tissue

A

cartilage

57
Q

•receives nutrients by diffusion from perichondrium
• Lacks nerves and has low metabolic rate

A

Avascular

58
Q

glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans interacting with collagen and elastic fibers

A

ECM

59
Q

• Interaction between type II collagen
fibrils and proteoglycans linked to hyaluronan

A

Matrix

60
Q

• cartilage cells
• Synthesize and maintain ECM components: type II collagen and other ECM components
• Location: lacunae

A

chondrocytes

61
Q

• Most common
• Homogenous and semi transparent
• Covered by perichondrium: essential for
growth and maintenance
• Outer: type I collagen fibers and
fibroblasts
• Inner: mesenchymal stem cells

A

Hyaline cartilage

62
Q

• articular surfaces of movable joints, walls of larger respiratory passages, ventral ends of ribs, epiphyseal plates of long bones
• Embryo: forms temporary skeleton

A

Adults

63
Q

major regulator of hyaline cartilage growth

A

somatotropin

64
Q

• Abundant network of elastic fibers and meshwork of type II collagen fibrils
• Resulting to yellowish color

A

elastic cartilage

65
Q

location of elastic cartilage

A

auricle of the ear, walls of external auditory canals, auditory (Eustachian) tubes, epiglottis, and upper respiratory tract

66
Q

Mingling of hyaline cartilage and dense connective tissue

A

fibrocartilage

67
Q

location of fibrocartilage

A

intervertebral discs, attachments of certain ligaments, pubic symphysis

68
Q

• embryonic cartilage formation
• Mesenchymalcells–chondroblasts– chondrocytes
• Superficial mesenchyme: develops as perichondrium

A

chondrogenesis

69
Q

mitotic division of preexisting chondrocytes

A

interstitial growth

70
Q

chondroblast differentiation from progenitor cells in perichondrium

A

appositional growth

71
Q

• Mutations in FBN1 gene: encodes for fibrillin-1
• Essential in formation of elastic fibers within connective tissue
• Abnormalities: skeletal, cardiovascular, ocular, pulmonary, dural ectasia, etc.

A

Marfan syndrome

72
Q

• Gradual loss or physical change of hyaline cartilage lining the articular ends of bones in joints

A

osteoarthritis

73
Q

Due to increased uric acid crystals

A

gouty arthritis

pasado midterms cutie (2 decks)

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