Histo Flashcards
Components of blood and what is it and its origin
Cells +plasma
Special form of connective tissue
Mesenchyme
Functions of blood
Transport nutrients and respiratory gases
Transports waste products to organs and tissues
where they can be recycled or released
Transports hormones
• Transports immune cells throughout the body
Helps regulate body temperature, vasodilation and
vasoconstriction of blood vessels controls heat loss from the body, increased vasodilation leads to increased heat loss
from the body and vice versa.
• Maintains of acid-base and osmotic balance
More oxygen less oxygen
Brighter the red
Duller the red
The pH of blood is?
Slightly alkaline
Test tubes are ?
Pretreated with anticoagulants heparin citrate edta
To reflect its heterogeneity
The blood cells are called
formed elements, and this is because they are not formed
within the blood vessels, they are formed in the bone marrow.
Why females have a lower hematocrit
Menstruation
The estrogen is a suppressor for the activity of bone marrow
Albumin
The most abundant plasma protein
Is made in the liver
Helps maintain the osmotic pressure in
capillaries
Transports steroid hormones and fatty
acids
Fibrinogen
The largest plasma protein
Made in liver
Clot formation
Leishman stain
Eosin and methylene blue
Lifespan of RBCs
120 days
4 months
How are RBCs removed
By macrophages of spleen , bone marrow and liver
the only organelle we find inside RBCs
Plasma membrane
Higher RBCs count
High altitude
Athletes
What determines the blood type
Carbohydrates
Glycophorin A
Biconcave shape
Higher surface area
Facilitates gas exchange
Flexibility
Normochromic rbc
Pale staining in the centre
One third of the diameter
Beneath the plasma membrane
Meshwork of proteins spectrin and ankyrin to maintain the cell shape
Stacking of RBCs
Rouleaux formation
Slow circulation in infection,cancer,diabetics, varicose veins
Artifact
Surface tension
Abnormal sizes
Macrocytic >9mm
Microcytic <6mm
Anisocytosis different sizes
Abnormal shapes
Due to changes either in cell membrane or Hb content
Poikilocytes :::
Spherocytes
Sickle cell
Ovalocytes elliptocytes
Dacrocyre tear shape
Origin and maturation of rbc wbc
RBCs bone marrow
Wbc bone marrow and lymphoid tissue ,maturation completed in thymus
Granulocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Non specific granules
Azurophilic granules
Lysosomes
Primary granules
Types of agranulocytes
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Monocytes features
Size,cytoplasm color, nucleus shape
argest leukocytes
• Bluish cytoplasm (frosted glass appearance) & a
large C-shaped nucleus
• Highly motile and phagocytic
• Travel through bloodstream to reach connective
tissues, where they transform into macrophages
(large phagocytic cells)
All Monocyte derived cells are
Antigen presenting cells
Dendritic cells ?
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Lymphocytes increased number indicates
Viral infections
Lymphocytes nucleus and cytoplasm
Round, occupies most of cell volume
Light clear blue cuz of free ribosomes
In circulation blood there is predominance of
Small inactive lymphocytes
How to differentiate between lymphocytes laboratory
Immunohistochemistry ( direct or using cd4 antibody)
Flow cytometry facs
Why do we use FACS
To identify the origin of some leukemias
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes
Kill virus-infected, transplanted and neoplastic cells (adaptive immunity)
Helper T cells
Help cytotoxic T
cells and B cells in
their immune
functions
Suppressor T lymphocytes
Suppresses immune response to self Ag
Suppresses immune response of T and B lymphocytes
Damage to a suppressor cell can cause
Autoimmune diseases
Memory cells
Basis of vaccination
NK and T cells play a role in
Graft rejection
MHC1 on surface of all…………….. coupled to ………..
Nucleated cells
A peptide formed within the cell
MHC2 ON surface of……. coupled to…………
APCs
peptide product of proteins the cells had ingested (peptide product of Ag digestion)
Antigen presenting cell
Macrophage, dendritic cell, b lymphocyte
Thrombocytes
Small non nucleated cytoplasmic fragments, formed by fragmentation of the cytoplasm
of megakaryocytes in the bonemarrow
Shape biconvex discs
Zones of platelets
Outer pale basophilic: hyalomere
Central dark granular zone : granulomere
Hyalomere
Cytoskeletal elements
➢ Microtubule
➢ Actin filaments
Maintain shape and help
contractions of platelets and
squeezing, clot retraction
Membrane channels
➢Open canalicular system
➢Dense tubular system
Granulomere
Alpha granules: clotting factors,
growth factors
Dense (delta) granules: serotonin
(absorbed from plasma), ATP,ADP
Lambda granules: lysosomes (aid in
clot resorption)
Types of capillaries
Continuous
Fenestrated
Sinusoidal
Early embryo hematopoeisis
Yolk sac 1st trimester
Second trimester
Liver and spleen
Third trimester
Bone marrow
Erythropoeisis steps
Proerythroblast
Basophilic erethroblast
Polychromatiphilic erythroblast
Normoblast
Reticulocyte
Mature red blood cell
Stages of rbc differentiation are characterised by
Decreasing cell size
Progressive loss of organelles
Reticulocytes
Supravital dye
Extruded nucleus
Immature rbc
