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Hls > Histo > Flashcards

Histo Flashcards

1
Q

Components of blood and what is it and its origin

A

Cells +plasma
Special form of connective tissue
Mesenchyme

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2
Q

Functions of blood

A

Transport nutrients and respiratory gases
Transports waste products to organs and tissues
where they can be recycled or released
Transports hormones
• Transports immune cells throughout the body
Helps regulate body temperature, vasodilation and
vasoconstriction of blood vessels controls heat loss from the body, increased vasodilation leads to increased heat loss
from the body and vice versa.
• Maintains of acid-base and osmotic balance

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3
Q

More oxygen less oxygen

A

Brighter the red
Duller the red

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4
Q

The pH of blood is?

A

Slightly alkaline

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5
Q

Test tubes are ?

A

Pretreated with anticoagulants heparin citrate edta
To reflect its heterogeneity

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6
Q

The blood cells are called

A

formed elements, and this is because they are not formed
within the blood vessels, they are formed in the bone marrow.

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7
Q

Why females have a lower hematocrit

A

Menstruation
The estrogen is a suppressor for the activity of bone marrow

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8
Q

Albumin

A

The most abundant plasma protein
Is made in the liver
Helps maintain the osmotic pressure in
capillaries
Transports steroid hormones and fatty
acids

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9
Q

Fibrinogen

A

The largest plasma protein
Made in liver
Clot formation

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10
Q

Leishman stain

A

Eosin and methylene blue

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11
Q

Lifespan of RBCs

A

120 days
4 months

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12
Q

How are RBCs removed

A

By macrophages of spleen , bone marrow and liver

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13
Q

the only organelle we find inside RBCs

A

Plasma membrane

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14
Q

Higher RBCs count

A

High altitude
Athletes

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15
Q

What determines the blood type

A

Carbohydrates
Glycophorin A

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16
Q

Biconcave shape

A

Higher surface area
Facilitates gas exchange
Flexibility

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17
Q

Normochromic rbc

A

Pale staining in the centre
One third of the diameter

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18
Q

Beneath the plasma membrane

A

Meshwork of proteins spectrin and ankyrin to maintain the cell shape

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19
Q

Stacking of RBCs

A

Rouleaux formation
Slow circulation in infection,cancer,diabetics, varicose veins
Artifact
Surface tension

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20
Q

Abnormal sizes

A

Macrocytic >9mm
Microcytic <6mm
Anisocytosis different sizes

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21
Q

Abnormal shapes

A

Due to changes either in cell membrane or Hb content
Poikilocytes :::
Spherocytes
Sickle cell
Ovalocytes elliptocytes
Dacrocyre tear shape

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22
Q

Origin and maturation of rbc wbc

A

RBCs bone marrow
Wbc bone marrow and lymphoid tissue ,maturation completed in thymus

23
Q

Granulocytes

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

24
Q

Agranulocytes

A

Lymphocytes
Monocytes

25
Q

Non specific granules

A

Azurophilic granules
Lysosomes
Primary granules

26
Q

Types of agranulocytes

A

Lymphocytes
Monocytes

27
Q

Monocytes features
Size,cytoplasm color, nucleus shape

A

argest leukocytes
• Bluish cytoplasm (frosted glass appearance) & a
large C-shaped nucleus
• Highly motile and phagocytic
• Travel through bloodstream to reach connective
tissues, where they transform into macrophages
(large phagocytic cells)

28
Q

All Monocyte derived cells are

A

Antigen presenting cells

29
Q

Dendritic cells ?

A

Lymph nodes
Spleen

30
Q

Lymphocytes increased number indicates

A

Viral infections

31
Q

Lymphocytes nucleus and cytoplasm

A

Round, occupies most of cell volume
Light clear blue cuz of free ribosomes

32
Q

In circulation blood there is predominance of

A

Small inactive lymphocytes

33
Q

How to differentiate between lymphocytes laboratory

A

Immunohistochemistry ( direct or using cd4 antibody)
Flow cytometry facs

34
Q

Why do we use FACS

A

To identify the origin of some leukemias

35
Q

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes

A

Kill virus-infected, transplanted and neoplastic cells (adaptive immunity)

36
Q

Helper T cells

A

Help cytotoxic T
cells and B cells in
their immune
functions

37
Q

Suppressor T lymphocytes

A

Suppresses immune response to self Ag
Suppresses immune response of T and B lymphocytes

38
Q

Damage to a suppressor cell can cause

A

Autoimmune diseases

39
Q

Memory cells

A

Basis of vaccination

40
Q

NK and T cells play a role in

A

Graft rejection

41
Q

MHC1 on surface of all…………….. coupled to ………..

A

Nucleated cells
A peptide formed within the cell

42
Q

MHC2 ON surface of……. coupled to…………

A

APCs
peptide product of proteins the cells had ingested (peptide product of Ag digestion)

43
Q

Antigen presenting cell

A

Macrophage, dendritic cell, b lymphocyte

44
Q

Thrombocytes

A

Small non nucleated cytoplasmic fragments, formed by fragmentation of the cytoplasm
of megakaryocytes in the bonemarrow
Shape biconvex discs

45
Q

Zones of platelets

A

Outer pale basophilic: hyalomere
Central dark granular zone : granulomere

46
Q

Hyalomere

A

Cytoskeletal elements
➢ Microtubule
➢ Actin filaments
Maintain shape and help
contractions of platelets and
squeezing, clot retraction
Membrane channels
➢Open canalicular system
➢Dense tubular system

47
Q

Granulomere

A

Alpha granules: clotting factors,
growth factors
Dense (delta) granules: serotonin
(absorbed from plasma), ATP,ADP
Lambda granules: lysosomes (aid in
clot resorption)

48
Q

Types of capillaries

A

Continuous
Fenestrated
Sinusoidal

49
Q

Early embryo hematopoeisis

A

Yolk sac 1st trimester

50
Q

Second trimester

A

Liver and spleen

51
Q

Third trimester

A

Bone marrow

52
Q

Erythropoeisis steps

A

Proerythroblast
Basophilic erethroblast
Polychromatiphilic erythroblast
Normoblast
Reticulocyte
Mature red blood cell

53
Q

Stages of rbc differentiation are characterised by

A

Decreasing cell size
Progressive loss of organelles

54
Q

Reticulocytes

A

Supravital dye
Extruded nucleus
Immature rbc

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