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603 Histology > Histo 1 > Flashcards

Histo 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two anatomic divison of the respiratory tract?

A
  1. Upper
  2. Lower
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2
Q

What are the anatomical components of the upper respiratory tract (3)?

A
  1. Nasal Cavity
  2. Paranasal Sinuses
  3. Pharynx
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3
Q

What are the anatomical components of the lower respiratory tract (5)?

A
  1. Larynx
  2. Trachea
  3. Bronchus
  4. Respiratory Bronchiole
  5. Alveoli
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4
Q

What are the two main functions of the respiratory system?

A
  1. Provide oxygen to the body
  2. Remove carbon dioxide
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5
Q

What are the 4 steps of respiration?

A
  1. Ventilation
  2. External Respiration
  3. Gas Transport
  4. Internal Respiration
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6
Q

Ventilation

A

movement of ait between the atmosphere and the lungs

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7
Q

External Respiration

A

exchange of gases at the level of the airway

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8
Q

Gas Transport

A

moving gases to and from cells throughout the body

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9
Q

Internal Respiration

A

exchange of gases at the level of the individual cell

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10
Q

Which steps of respiration are part of the respiratory system?

A

Ventilaion and External Respiration

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11
Q

Which steps of respiration are part of the circulatory system?

A

Gas Transport and Internal Respiration

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12
Q

What are the components of the respiratory system (2)?

A
  1. Conducting Portion
  2. Respiratory Portion
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13
Q

Conducting portion and its components

A

directs the passage of air into and from the respiratory portion of the body

Components: nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

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14
Q

Respiratory portion and its components

A

performs exchange of gases bewteen atmosphere and blood

Components: respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, aalveolar sacs, alveoli

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15
Q

cilia

A

motile, trap and remove particles

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16
Q

microvilli

A

extensions of the cell to increase surface area

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17
Q

Typical respiratory epithelium has what arrangement?

A

Pseudostratified

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18
Q

3 Cell Types in Respiratory Epithelium

A
  1. Ciliated epithelial cells (unidirectional)
  2. Goblet cells
  3. Basal cells
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19
Q

goblet cells

A

produce mucus

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20
Q

Function of the typical Respiratory Epithelium

A

trap dirt, bacteria, and particulate matter and move it to the pharynx

also warm aur passing over its surface

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21
Q

Nasal Cavity Functions

A

-warm, filter, and moisturize air
-chemoreceptors/olfaction

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22
Q

Nasal Cavity Important Regions (3)

A
  1. Vestibule with Cutaneous Region
  2. Turbinates (conchae)
  3. Vomeronasal Organ
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23
Q

Vestibule

A

-stratified squamous epithelium
- vibrissae with sebaceous
-includes the nostrils

24
Q

vibrissae

A

hairs [in the nasal cavity] to filter

25
Q

Turbinates (Conchae)

A

bones that divide the nasal cavity into chambers which are lined with respiratory and olfactory epithelia

26
Q

Which species has more olfactory epithelium, dog or cat?

A

dog

27
Q

Turbinates (conchae) function

A

disrupt air flow and increase the surface area for filtration

28
Q

Which is taller, olfactory or respiratory epithlium?

A

olfactory

(both are pseudostratified)

29
Q

Niumber of Olfactory Cells in Dogs vs. Cats. vs. Humans

A

Dogs = 280 million
Cats = 67 million
Humans = 20 million

30
Q

Respiratory Epithelium in the Conchae

A

contain blood vessels and sinusoids in the lamina propria to flter and warm the air within the nasal cavity

31
Q

Where is the only place olfactory epithelium is present?

A

Nasal cavity

32
Q

3 cell types in olfactory epithelium

A
  1. Olfactory cells (bipolar neurons, dendritic)
  2. Sustenacular support cells
  3. Basal cells
33
Q

Olfactory cells

A

transduce chemical signals into neuronal impulse, have dendrites extending on the cell surface which are covered in sensory receptors

34
Q

How many odorant receptors does each olfactory cell have?

A

One

35
Q

How is an action potential triggered in an olfactory cell?

A
  1. Receptor binding by an odorant alters membrane charge of the olfactory cell
  2. AP generated in the olfactory nerve
  3. Info transmitted to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb
36
Q

Bowman’s Gland

A

produce sero-mucous secretion from the lamina propria to wash away odorants and allow rapid restimulation of the olfactory epithelium

37
Q

Vomeronasal Organ

A

paired organ on either side of the septum whose function is to increase sensitivity of chemorecepption of pheromones

38
Q

In which species is the vomeronasal orgaan not connected to the nasal cavity?

A

Horse

39
Q

What type of cartilage makes up the septum?

A

Hyaline cartilage

40
Q

What type of epithelium is present in the vomeronasal organ?

A

BOTH respiratory and olfactory (OE is taller)

41
Q

Paranasal Sinuses

A

air-filled spaces lined with respiratory epithelium open to the nasal cavity

42
Q

Paranasal Sinus function

A

Debatable
-insulate nasal cavity from pressure changes?
-sound resonance?

43
Q

Clinical Significance of the Paranasal Sinuses

A

Rare tumors inn dogs and cats (but such tumors are most often maligant)
Infection in horses (equine sinusitis)

44
Q

Nasopharynx

A

tube-shaped musculocartilagenous structure that connects the nasal cavity to the larynx that functions to equalize pressure between middle ear and atmosphere (along with Eustachian tube)

45
Q

Epiglottis

A

Flap of elastic cartilage that prevents food from entering the respiratory system

46
Q

4 Cartilagenous Components of the Larynx

A
  1. Epiglottic
  2. Cricoid
  3. Thyroid
  4. Arytenoid
47
Q

Common Name of the Larynx

A

voice box

48
Q

What type of muscle makes up the larynx?

A

skeletal

(remember skeletal is voluntary)

49
Q

Functions of the Muscles of the Larynx

A
  1. Maintain shape of voice box
  2. Control vocal cords (vocalization)
  3. Widen annd narrow the box during respiration
50
Q

Which cartilagenous component of the larynx is elastic?

A

Epiglottis

51
Q

Types of Epithelium in the Larynx

A

stratified squamous and respiratory

52
Q

What type of epithelium is on the vocal folds and why?

A

Stratified squamous

It has lots of air passing over that area, quite abrasive

53
Q

What two types of glands are in the lamina propria of the respiratory epithelium?

A
  1. Serous
  2. Mucous
54
Q

Are there mucous glands throughout the entire respiratory tract?

A

No - it is only in the upper respiratory tract (don’t want mucus where gas-exchange is occuring)

55
Q

Mucus secretion function

A

to trap particles

56
Q

Acini

A

grape-like cluster

57
Q

Where are nuclei located in: serous glands? mucous glands?

A

Serous: centrally
Mucous: pushed peripherally

603 Histology (4 decks)

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