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Histo 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two anatomic divison of the respiratory tract?

A
  1. Upper
  2. Lower
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2
Q

What are the anatomical components of the upper respiratory tract (3)?

A
  1. Nasal Cavity
  2. Paranasal Sinuses
  3. Pharynx
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3
Q

What are the anatomical components of the lower respiratory tract (5)?

A
  1. Larynx
  2. Trachea
  3. Bronchus
  4. Respiratory Bronchiole
  5. Alveoli
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4
Q

What are the two main functions of the respiratory system?

A
  1. Provide oxygen to the body
  2. Remove carbon dioxide
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5
Q

What are the 4 steps of respiration?

A
  1. Ventilation
  2. External Respiration
  3. Gas Transport
  4. Internal Respiration
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6
Q

Ventilation

A

movement of ait between the atmosphere and the lungs

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7
Q

External Respiration

A

exchange of gases at the level of the airway

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8
Q

Gas Transport

A

moving gases to and from cells throughout the body

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9
Q

Internal Respiration

A

exchange of gases at the level of the individual cell

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10
Q

Which steps of respiration are part of the respiratory system?

A

Ventilaion and External Respiration

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11
Q

Which steps of respiration are part of the circulatory system?

A

Gas Transport and Internal Respiration

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12
Q

What are the components of the respiratory system (2)?

A
  1. Conducting Portion
  2. Respiratory Portion
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13
Q

Conducting portion and its components

A

directs the passage of air into and from the respiratory portion of the body

Components: nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

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14
Q

Respiratory portion and its components

A

performs exchange of gases bewteen atmosphere and blood

Components: respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, aalveolar sacs, alveoli

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15
Q

cilia

A

motile, trap and remove particles

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16
Q

microvilli

A

extensions of the cell to increase surface area

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17
Q

Typical respiratory epithelium has what arrangement?

A

Pseudostratified

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18
Q

3 Cell Types in Respiratory Epithelium

A
  1. Ciliated epithelial cells (unidirectional)
  2. Goblet cells
  3. Basal cells
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19
Q

goblet cells

A

produce mucus

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20
Q

Function of the typical Respiratory Epithelium

A

trap dirt, bacteria, and particulate matter and move it to the pharynx

also warm aur passing over its surface

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21
Q

Nasal Cavity Functions

A

-warm, filter, and moisturize air
-chemoreceptors/olfaction

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22
Q

Nasal Cavity Important Regions (3)

A
  1. Vestibule with Cutaneous Region
  2. Turbinates (conchae)
  3. Vomeronasal Organ
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23
Q

Vestibule

A

-stratified squamous epithelium
- vibrissae with sebaceous
-includes the nostrils

24
Q

vibrissae

A

hairs [in the nasal cavity] to filter

25
Turbinates (Conchae)
bones that divide the nasal cavity into chambers which are lined with respiratory and olfactory epithelia
26
Which species has more olfactory epithelium, dog or cat?
dog
27
Turbinates (conchae) function
disrupt air flow and increase the surface area for filtration
28
Which is taller, olfactory or respiratory epithlium?
olfactory (both are pseudostratified)
29
Niumber of Olfactory Cells in Dogs vs. Cats. vs. Humans
Dogs = 280 million Cats = 67 million Humans = 20 million
30
Respiratory Epithelium in the Conchae
contain blood vessels and sinusoids in the lamina propria to flter and warm the air within the nasal cavity
31
Where is the only place olfactory epithelium is present?
Nasal cavity
32
3 cell types in olfactory epithelium
1. Olfactory cells (bipolar neurons, dendritic) 2. Sustenacular support cells 3. Basal cells
33
Olfactory cells
transduce chemical signals into neuronal impulse, have dendrites extending on the cell surface which are covered in sensory receptors
34
How many odorant receptors does each olfactory cell have?
One
35
How is an action potential triggered in an olfactory cell?
1. Receptor binding by an odorant alters membrane charge of the olfactory cell 2. AP generated in the olfactory nerve 3. Info transmitted to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb
36
Bowman's Gland
produce sero-mucous secretion from the lamina propria to wash away odorants and allow rapid restimulation of the olfactory epithelium
37
Vomeronasal Organ
paired organ on either side of the septum whose function is to increase sensitivity of chemorecepption of pheromones
38
In which species is the vomeronasal orgaan not connected to the nasal cavity?
Horse
39
What type of cartilage makes up the septum?
Hyaline cartilage
40
What type of epithelium is present in the vomeronasal organ?
BOTH respiratory and olfactory (OE is taller)
41
Paranasal Sinuses
air-filled spaces lined with respiratory epithelium open to the nasal cavity
42
Paranasal Sinus function
Debatable -insulate nasal cavity from pressure changes? -sound resonance?
43
Clinical Significance of the Paranasal Sinuses
Rare tumors inn dogs and cats (but such tumors are most often maligant) Infection in horses (equine sinusitis)
44
Nasopharynx
tube-shaped musculocartilagenous structure that connects the nasal cavity to the larynx that functions to equalize pressure between middle ear and atmosphere (along with Eustachian tube)
45
Epiglottis
Flap of elastic cartilage that prevents food from entering the respiratory system
46
4 Cartilagenous Components of the Larynx
1. Epiglottic 2. Cricoid 3. Thyroid 4. Arytenoid
47
Common Name of the Larynx
voice box
48
What type of muscle makes up the larynx?
skeletal (remember skeletal is voluntary)
49
Functions of the Muscles of the Larynx
1. Maintain shape of voice box 2. Control vocal cords (vocalization) 3. Widen annd narrow the box during respiration
50
Which cartilagenous component of the larynx is elastic?
Epiglottis
51
Types of Epithelium in the Larynx
stratified squamous and respiratory
52
What type of epithelium is on the vocal folds and why?
Stratified squamous It has lots of air passing over that area, quite abrasive
53
What two types of glands are in the lamina propria of the respiratory epithelium?
1. Serous 2. Mucous
54
Are there mucous glands throughout the entire respiratory tract?
No - it is only in the upper respiratory tract (don't want mucus where gas-exchange is occuring)
55
Mucus secretion function
to trap particles
56
Acini
grape-like cluster
57
Where are nuclei located in: serous glands? mucous glands?
Serous: centrally Mucous: pushed peripherally

603 Histology (4 decks)

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