Hist And Embry Flashcards
What is histology
Study of microscopic structure and function of cells
Cells function is to carry out vital processes of (8)
Absorption
assimilation
Respiration
irritability (rxn to stimulus)
conductivity,
growth,
reproduction and
excretion
What is exocytosis
Expulsion of materials out of the cell
Endocytosis is what and includes what 2 things
Uptake of materials into the cell
Pinocytosis( cell drinking)
Phagocytosis (cell eating)
Cell membrane acts as the what of the cell
Gatekeeper
The cytoplasm provides what in which other other organelles function
Medium
Endoplasmic reticulum is considered the
Highway system of the cell
Rough ER contains what and what do these synthesize
Ribosomes
Synthesizes proteins
Smooth ER contains what and what do they make
Enzymes
Make lipid molecules and steroid hormones
Ribosomes are also known as
Protein factories
Known as the chemical processing and packaging centre of proteins received from the rough ER
Golgi apparatus
Powerhouse of the cell
Mitochondria
Lysosome is known as the what of the cell and is created by what organelle
Sewer system of the cell
Created by Golgi apparatus
This organelles components give basic stability to the cell as a whole
Cytoskeleton
Microfilaments cause various
Cellular movements
What maintains the shape of the cell and forms the cells internal skeleton
Microtubules
What are involved with intercellular junctions and mitosis
Intermediate filaments
A tight intercellular junction fuses
Cell membranes together
think water TIGHT seal
A gap junction is a what and allows for what
Tubular channel between cells
Allows for substances to be exchanged
Desmosomes attach what cells together
Adjacent
Hemidesmosomes attach cells to what
Basement membrane
In interphase what 3 things occur
DNA is replicated
Cell grows
Forms new organelles
Interphase consists of 3 phases which are
G1
S
G2
G1 phase is the initial
Resting phase of the cell
In s phase what is replicated
DNA
(Chromatin and centrosome)
G2 is the
Second Resting phase of the cell
Mitosis is a continuous process where the nuclear parts of the cell are what
Nuclear parts of the cell are divided into 2 equal daughter cells
Mitosis consists of 4 stages which are
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
What disappears in prophase
Nuclear membrane and nucleolus
During metaphase spindle fivers from the centrioles become attached to
The centrosomes of each chromosome
meet in middle
Anaphase the centromeres
Split and each chromosome splits into 2 chromatids
migrate to opposite polls
pulls apart
The division into 2 daughter cells explains what phase of mitosis
Telophase
nucleoli appear and microtubules disappear
Cytokinesis is the physical process of
Cell division
Produces 2 daughter cells
When less specialized cells become more specialized this is known as
Differentiation
When does MEIOSIS occur
During the maturation of sex cells
What are tissues (hint* grouping of similar cells)
Structure formed by the grouping of cells with similar characteristics of form and function
What are the 4 basic types of tissue
Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nerve
Epithelial tissue forms what and function in?
Protective coverings
Function in secretion and sensory
What tissue provides support for the softer body parts and binds structures together
Connective
This tissue produces body movements
Muscular
Nerve tissue conducts what that help what
Impulses that help control and coordinate body activities
Epithelial tissue is ____ meaning no own blood supply
Avascular
Epithelium is highly
Regenerative
The epithelium is capable of rapid turnover; What is the turnover time for the oral cavity and for the skin
14 days for oral cavity
20-30 days for skin
In Simple squamous epithelium the cells are flat; their function is to and perform what type of function
Cover connective tissue
Perform a filtering function
Simple cuboidal epithelium the cells are cube like. Function? And contributes to ?
Protection/covering for an organ
Contributes to secretion
Simple columnar epithelium the cells are rectangular. Function? May be?
Protection, secretion/absorption
Ciliated or non ciliated
This type of epithelium moistens, warms and cleans lining membranes
Pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium
This type of epithelium is located on dry or wet surfaces and has a ___layer for protection
Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium
Layer of keratin for protection
“Layered cake” and contains no keratin refers to
Stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium
*many layers of cells = layered cake analogy”
The basement membrane is located between what
Epithelium and connective tissue
In connective tissue are the cells tightly packed?
No, some distance apart
What are the 3 major cell types found in connective tissue
Fibroblasts
Macrophages
Mast cells
The most common cell found in all connective tissue is
Fibroblasts
What cell type found in the connective tissue is important in fighting infections
Macrophages (monocytes)
What cell found in connective tissue is involved in allergic responses
Mast cells
Collagenous fibers are composed of what
Collagen
Elastic fibers are composed of Microfilaments embedded in what
Protein elastin
Reticular fibers are composed of protein ____
Reticulin
Loose connective tissue forms ___ _____ between organs and binds them together. Serves as what for the deeper structures of the body
Thin membranes
Protective padding
Loose connective tissue is found where
Beneath the skin (dermis) and between muscles
Fibrous connective tissue is composed of mainly strong ____ fibers that bind parts together. Located where?
Collagenous
Tendons, ligaments, eyes, skin (dermis)
This type of tissue stores fat, provides a protective cushion and functions as a heat insulator. Located where
Adipose tissue
Beneath the skin (hypodermis)
Elastic connective tissue is composed mainly of ____ fibers which combine strength with what
Elastic
Elasticity
Reticular connective tissue is a delicate network of interwoven ____ fibers.
Supports what? (3)
Reticular
Blood vessels, internal organs, lymphatic organs
What provides support and framework for various parts and decreases friction
Cartilage
Cartilage is slow to heal following an injury due to lack of
Direct blood supply
What surrounds the cartilage
Perichondrium
2 cells of the cartilage are
Chondroblasts
Chondrocytes
What cell of the cartilage produces the matrix
Chondroblasts
Chondrocytes maintain what
Maintain the matrix
What are the 3 main cartilage types
Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage
All cartilage types start as
Hyaline
Osteoblasts are
Bone building
Osteoclasts are
Bone resorbing/crushing
Dendrites send impulses to
The cell body
Axon sends impulses
Away from cell body
