HIST 215 Weeks 1-5 Flashcards
1
Q
Results of the Thirty Years War (1648)
A
- legacy of total war
- established political and social borders
- set a precedent for peaceful negotiations instead of forceful ones
- clear winners: France, Sweden, Dutch, Swiss
2
Q
Political consequences of Thirty Years War
A
- increased state authority and revenues
- expansion of state bureaucracy
- standing armies (Prussia doubled its army)
- religious divisions solidify in German states
- “religious tolerance”
3
Q
Large trends in Europe in 17th to 18th century
A
- France emerges as a model of absolute monarchy
- division between West and East deepens
- decline of the Ottoman Empire beginning
- Rise of Prussia, Brandenburg, and Hapsburg empires
- resettlement of Eastern Europe
- rise of Russia, decline of Poland and Sweden
- rise of Habsburgs and Hohenzollerns
4
Q
Popular argument for absolutism
A
absolute ruler is guarantor of law and order after long period of war
5
Q
economic argument for absolutism
A
precondition of economic policy of Mercantalism (state control fo all economic activities; positive trade balance, especially of precious metals; industry encouraged, tariffs against foreign competition)
6
Q
theories/ideologues for absolutism
A
Jean Bodin (Six Books of the Republic) Thomas Hobbes (Leviathan) Jacques Boussuet on "divine right"
7
Q
Absolutism in France
A
- Monarchs (Bourbon dynasty) and first ministers –> special relationship
- mercantilism
- Fronde (nobles’ rebellion against Anne who ruled as regent to Louis XIV) –> Parlement of Paris loses power, Louis XIV rules, builds Versailles to move out of Paris
8
Q
Absolutism in Austria
A
Leopold I of Austria
- Habsburg Dynasty
- liberation of former Ottoman occupied lands results in tremendous expansion and gains in Eastern Europe
- Catholic counter reformation under Ferdinand III and Leopold I
- deal with nobility: suppression of rebellious native nobility (Czech and Hungarian) and establishment of new imperial nobility
9
Q
Absolutism in Prussia
A
Frederick William the Great Elector
- Hohenzollern dynasty
- first king or Prussia: Frederick I, reject the French court model, receive Huguenot refugees from France
- increase of territory throughout the 17th and early 18th centuries and establishment of model army
- unique deal between ruler (elector –> king) the the Prussian nobility in exchange for army and state service, nobles exempt from taxation but keep their serfs and control grain trade
10
Q
Absolutism in Russia
A
- Romanov dynasty
- increases territory at the expense of Sweden
- Peter the Great of Russia –> Westernized under his rule
- tour of and import of western Europe, among others: school system, calendar, fashion, architecture, drill sergeants, cannon makers, engineers
- St. Petersburg = “window to the west”
- hires engineers and architects from western europe to create this city in his own name which is a replica of what he had seen in Europe - special deal with the nobility: classification (in effect until russian revolution) and service in military and state bureaucracy, in exchange for income and continuing rule over serfs (Table of Ranks)
11
Q
Court culture
A
- Versailles and the French court –> served as symbol of absolute rule, new city built around it which was new (city could be built from scratch in the middle of no where)
- clones: sanssouci (Freddy the great), peterhof, Schönbrunn (Maria Theresa of Austria)
- baroque and classicism –> characterized by excess, luxury, rare materials, palaces, Catholic Churches; courts of the royals were huge supporters of the arts
12
Q
England –> glorious revolution and constitutional monarchy
A
- English Civil War
- Charles II and Restoration
- Wars with the Dutch
- From James II
- Bill of Rights
- theorist of English constitutional monarchy: John Locke: Two Treatises of Government
13
Q
The Dutch Republic
A
- they had small territories that were strategically placed all over the world to control the spice trade
- occupied by the Spanish Habsburgs until the Treaty of Westphalia (recognized the independence of the United Provinces, while the Southern part remained part of Spanish Habsburg’s empire, part of the justification for dividing them came from religion)
- independence in 1648
- Dutch republic: federalist and parliamentary, ruled by an oligarchy of wealthy families
- became wealthy through global trade and commerce, control of Baltic Trade
- innovations in commerce in banking
- revolution in agricultural technology –> Tulip Mania
14
Q
Dutch Golden Age and Decline
A
- religious tolerance, haven for prosecuted minorities who brought their skills with them
- middle class prosperity and charity –> much more influential and populous than any other middle class
- a golden age of visual arts, depicted every day people in every day life, Rembrandt, Vermeer
- best fed people in the world at the time
- DECLINE: a deficit in resources and population; commercial and naval/military competition from France and England
- England took over as an area of innovation and success
15
Q
Agricultural revolution
A
- improvements: draining of swamps, crop rotations, use of specific crops
- enclosures: consolidations of continuous sections of land, ending common pasture and forest use
