HIST 205 final

Question 1

citizenship

Answer 1

NEED TO CHECK ROMAN OR GREEK CITIZENSHIP
- began with divisions between patricians and plebeians in the early republic (5th-4th BCE)
- over time expanded to include conquered peoples and freed slaves
- citizenship to colonies helped sustain dominance
- citizenship also led to hellenisation and mixing of cultures e.g. greek

Question 2

hellenisation in the Seleucid empire and Ptolemaic kingdoms

Answer 2

• as a result of the successor wars in the end of the 380s BCE Alexander’s companions divide up his kingdom bringing greek influences across the empire, this marked the beginning of the hellenistic period
• bilingualism flourished e.g. the rosetta stone that included greek and egyptian hieroglyphics
• law based on language, incentive for learning two, decreased segregation
• greeks entered government, presented themselves as traditional leaders
• greeks married egyptians
• customs merged creating new gods like Sarapis
• did cause tensions that could turn into revolts e.g. the Maccabean revolt of the Jews against the Seleucid government

Question 3

helots

Answer 3

• permanent public slaves randomly assigned to different jobs around the city
• this allowed the Spartans to focus on military training
• subjugation through terror (example of the young boys training?)
• in the battle of leuctra the thebans incited revolt amongst the helots, without their help Spartan power collapses in 370 BCE

Question 4

herodotus on egyptian religion

Question 5

princeps

Answer 5

• first taken by Augustus in 27 BCE after he has the back and forth with the senate saying he could never possible be emperor after he won the civil war
• symbolised facade of restored republic but really marked the beginning of the roman empire
• the principate was an autocratic regime
• legitimised autocratic power under the guise of tradition

Question 6

the ptolemaic dynasty

Answer 6

• Ptolemy, a trusted general of Alexander, got control over Egypt from the late 4th century BCE after his death
• it was the longest and last dynasty of Egypt
• dynastic succession secured through incest
• it ended with Cleopatra VII’s death in 30 BCE
• ruled Egypt blending Greek and Egyptian traditions
• ruler cults and dynastic practices (like sibling marriage) strengthened their legitimacy

themes?

Question 7

roman freedpeople

Answer 7

• romans free slaves more than any other mediterranean people
• once you were free your old master sort of acted as you patron, tended to be quite close
• gained partial citizenship rights like property ownership but still had restricted political participation
• it was seen as an incentive to be loyal to your master
• dehumanising regardless of position as seen in dionysius, a slave of cicero, who ran away
• freedpeople given more power under Claudius due to fear of senators (kind of bureaucracy)
• they could become incredibly wealthy e.g. dioclees the charioteer

Question 8

ruler cults

Answer 8

• started with the Antigonids in Athens
• the deification of rulers
• a big part of the hellenistic rulers/empires
• Alexander himself was deified (oracle told him he was the son of zeus) and it was also an aspect of the ptolemies policy

Question 9

the battle of cannae

Answer 9

• 216 BCE in the second punic war between rome and carthage
• one of Rome’s greatest defeats, caused some of their allies to defect
• Hannibal destroyed a roman army of around 40-60,000 soldiers
• shows miraculous recovery highlighting strengths of rome including their large citizen base, many loyal allies suggesting that many of them must have felt Roman
• Hannibal didn’t use this victory to attack rome which eventually cost him the war

Question 10

the battle of leuctra

Answer 10

• 371 BCE between Thebes allied with Athens and Sparta
• Thebes incite revolt amongst the helots to defeat them, marking the end of their military dominance and hegemony in Greece
• Spartan power faded because they were too luxurious? population decline because of citizen requirements?

Question 11

catiline’s conspiracy

Answer 11

check conference notes

Question 12

cleisthenes reforms

Answer 12

• 508-507 BCE
• laid the foundation for Athenian democracy and ended tyranny
• he reorganised the population into ten tribes based on geography
• established local demes to encourage civic participation within the wider polis democracy
• created a council of 500 citizens to propose laws showing empowerment of ctiziens in government

Question 13

constantine’s conversion

Answer 13

• converted after a vision and a dream before the battle of Milvian Bridge in 312 CE
• legalised Christianity with the edict of Milan but not eh official religion of the empire
• founded Constantinople as the new capital
• religion no longer persecuted but not necessarily widespread
• christian disputes settled in the 325 AD council of Nicaea
• sets precedent for future emperors, after him there is only one who is not christian

Question 14

the fall of the western roman empire

Question 15

the foundation of cyrene

Answer 15

• Battus is told by orcale of delphi to found city in libya
• things go wrong for the population but everytime they go to the oracle for advice all she tells them is to found a city in libya
• first set up platea but it is not on the mainland so they go back
• significance?

Question 16

the outbreak of the second macedonian war

Answer 16

• the war was from 200-197 BCE
• it began with rome intervening against Philip V of Macedon to protect Greek allies
• markes the growing power of Rome as Greece’s power declined
• idk it’s not in my notes…

Question 17

the second persian war

Answer 17

• xerxes, son of darius, goes back to war with the greeks to avenge his father
• the persians outnumbered the greeks
• it saw a time of great unity between the greeks through the hellenic league led by sparta including about a third of all poleis
• greeks fighting for their freedom hence strength whereas Xerxes’ men were ‘slaves’?
• battle of thermopylae loss
• battle of salamis win, decisive victory

Question 18

the sicilian expedition

Answer 18

• 415-413 BCE
• disastrous Athenian campaign during the Peloponnesian war
• ended the peace of nicias
• honestly I couldn’t really tell you
• mostly about expanding Athenian empire, people wanted war because they got paid for it
• it restarts the peloponnesian war after the leader, Alcibiades, is charged in Athens whilst he is away and instead of coming back defects to Sparta

Question 19

the spartacus revolt

Answer 19

• 73-71 BCE
• major slave uprising in the roman republic led by the gladiator spartacus
• around 70,000 slaves and non-slaves rebelled
• they were finally crushed by Marcus Licinius Crassus and Pompey
• taught them not to have too many slaves concentrated
• but wasn’t a move to end slavery, the slaves rebelling even took slaves of their own

Question 20

the third century crisis

Answer 20

• roughly from 235-284 CE
• saw over 50 emperors in 50 years mostly all died violently, whoever had the strongest military took power
• constant frontier invasions from outside tribes (germanic tribes, the sasanians)
• complete economic collapse with inflation
• ongoing civil wars when emperors tried to take power
• breakaway empires e.g. the gallic empire showing fragmentation of roman control
• blamed christians so increased persecution
• brought to an end by Diocletian and the tetrarchy but showed a growing divide between western and eastern empire

Question 21

alexander the great

Answer 21

• lived 356-323 BCE
• king of Macedon who created one the largest empires in history
• stretched from Greece to India, stops at the Ganges
• his death marks the beginning of the hellenistic period

Question 22

agrippina the younger

Answer 22

• 15-59 AD
• shows the power of imperial women
• one of caligula’s sisters, benefits of a vestal virgin without being one
• mother of the emperor nero
• seduced her own uncle and became empress next to claudius
• honestly i’m missing information so don’t choose this one

Question 23

aspasia

Answer 23

• 470-410 BCE
• a metic (resident foreigner) in Athens known for her relationship with Pericles after he divorced his wife
• celebrated for her intelligence and influence in political and intellectual circles
• advised Pericles and hosted philosophical discussions
• all of this in a time when Athenian women weren’t supposed to get involved in politics at all and shouldn’t voice public opinions, very strict, traditional roles

Question 24

cleopatra VII

Answer 24

• 69-30 BCE
• the last ruler of the Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt
• sought to preserve Egypt’s independence during Roman expansion
• had relationships with both Mark Anthony and Caesar
• had a son with Caesar (caesarian) that Octavius (Augustus) was jealous of as being his ‘real’ son
• defeated by Octavian at the battle of actium marked the end of the hellenistic period and the incorporation of Egypt into the Roman empire

Question 25

cypselus

Answer 25

• tyrant of Corinth in the mid-7th century BCE who overthrew the ruling Bacchiadae
• the Bacchiads were an oligarchic network of ruling families in Corinth
• Cypselus was prophesised to overthrow this network
• he took money from the wealthy and redistributed it, populism to stay in power
• sort of set a precedent for a lot of tyrants, rely on class conflict for power, try to create hereditary rule but fails, very fragile power

Question 26

gaius julius caesar

Answer 26

• 100 BCE to 44 BCE
• made a political alliance with pompey and crassus, the first triumvirate
• he leaves for Gaul to fight tribes, army is fiercely loyal
• when he is gone pompey allies himself with caesar’s enemies and puts him on trial
• Caesar crosses the rubicon in northern italy, starting the civil war
• he wins the battle and forgives all his enemies, finishes civil wars throughout the mediterranean then returns to Rome in 45 BCE taking the title of dictator perpetuo
• dictatorial tendencies upset senators, only implemented small scale reforms, more concerned with his own power than the republic
• Ides of March 44 BCE saw him surrounded and stabbed 23 times (ish)

hugely significant in the end of the roman republic and the birth of the roman empire

Question 27

gaius marius

Answer 27

• 157-86 BCE
• a new man from the equestrian class
• a military man as opposed to an aristocrat
• changes how you can join the army
• before you needed to own property that had created a manpower shortage, he says he will recruit from all classes, your gear will be provided and you will earn a salary

this is hugely significant as it changed the relationship between the people and their commanders. Now people relied more on their commanders to support their interests rather than the senate and saw all the issues that particularly rose during the third century crisis.

Question 28

tiberius sempronius gracchus

Answer 28

• 168-133 BCE
• one of the gracchus brothers
• wanted to redistribute land to poorer romans, makes proposal to senate but they refuse
• he goes to the assembly of the people directly, very unprecedented, law passes and a land commission is set up
• so he bypassed the senate and then run for tribune for a second year in a row, again not illegal but never done before
• on election day a group of senators beat him to death, viewed him as a tyrant
• this saw violence becoming an increasingly large part of Roman society from then on

he unleashed the power of the tribunate of the plebeians and saw the beginning of increased civil violence. Shortly after them came Gaius Marius and then Sulla.

Question 29

vespasian

Answer 29

• 69-79 CE
• after civil wars at the end of Nero’s death Vespasian wins
• a new man who had no dynastic claim
• he erased the memory of Nero to legitimise his own reign
• used populist policies to solidify rule including a huge building programme e.g. the colosseum
• the law on the imperium of vespasian: gave him tribunician powers, allowed to do ‘whatever is best for the public advantage’

not sure of signficance…

Question 30

the colosseum

Answer 30

• built between 79-80 CE under Vespasian and completed by Titus
• amphitheatre in Rome for public spectacles like gladiator fights
• shows the values of roman society as highly militaristic, bringing violence of frontiers to the cities for people to see

Question 31

the lefkandi tomb

Answer 31

• dating to the early iron age (like c. 800 BCE)
• includes a large building and burials with valuable goods including gold and horses
• it suggests that areas retained wealth and social hierarchy even during the Greek ‘dark ages’
• challenges the typical understanding of no social order anywhere

Question 32

the parthenon

Answer 32

• built mid 5th century BCE on the Athenian acropolis dedicated to Athena
• came after the second persian war when Athens and the hellenic league had successfully defeated the Spartans
• built under Pericles symbolising Athens’ cultural and political dominance during the golden age
• also showed Pericles strengths and popularity
• it was funded by the Delian league, showing elements of athenian imperialism

Question 33

pompeii

Answer 33

• buried in the eruption of 79 CE
• founded as a veteran colony by Sulla
• at the time of the eruption it was like a resort town
• uniquely preserved because of the properties of the ash and lava
• it provides a look into Roman daily life including home life and political graffiti

significance?

Question 34

the agricola (text)

Answer 34

• written by Tacitus in 98 CE
• biography of his father in law who governed Britain
• praises his leadership and critiques corruption under domitian
• particularly explores life in the provinces and aspects of roman imperialism and expansion, the morality of empire

Question 35

laudatio turiae (text)

Answer 35

• a funeral inscription from the late 1st century BCE or early 1st century CE
• honours a wife’s loyalty and her virtues in describing her role in protecting her husband during political turmoil

what does it say about the role of women in rome?

Question 36

on the murder of eratosthenes (text)

Answer 36

• a speech given during a trial in Athens in 4th century BCE attributed to Lysias
• recounts a case of adultery and homicide
• the defendant killed Eratosthenes for seducing his wife

what does it say about gender roles, justice and rhetoric/the court system