Hispanic Americans

Question 1

Why did immigration of Hispanics increase after ww2? (3 reasons)

Answer 1

economic incentives, family ties. immigration act 1965

Question 2

what was the bracero programme?

Answer 2

agreed in 1942 by US and Mexican government- brought across thousands of Mexicans across to work as contract labourers

Question 3

where did Hispanics concentrate their work?

Answer 3

near homelands such as Arizona, California, Colorado, New Mexico and Texas

Question 4

What did the repatriation programme offer to Hispanics?

Answer 4

family reunions as many returning migrants had relatives living in USA

Question 5

Why did people tend to settle in places like Arizona, California and Nevada? (2)

Answer 5

lots of work in chicano communities, proximity to border

Question 6

what did the immigration act of 1965 do?

Answer 6

abolished immigration quotas of immigration act of 1924, family reunification clause

Question 7

by 1978, how many Hispanics were living in the USA?

Answer 7

7 million ( 1million in LA alone!)

Question 8

what discrimination faced Hispanics? (6)

Answer 8

high unemployment, ill-treatment, low wages in the workplace, poor housing, educational segregation, discrimination from police

Question 9

who was Rodolfo Gonzalez?

Answer 9

he founded the crusade for justice in Denver in 1966 which campaigned for better treatment of chicanos, joined King’s Poor people’s march in Washington 1968- was an inspiration to many young chicanos

Question 10

what was ‘brown power’? when did it happen?

Answer 10

became common mantras on the way towards finding an identity (their ‘semi-white identity seemed unacceptable by many) - 1960s

Question 11

what problems did Hispanics face in education?

Answer 11

lowest college attendance than any other group, segregated from white students, suffered crumbling buildings, studied curriculum that made them feel like outsiders.

Question 12

what did chicanos do to try to improve education?

Answer 12

Mendez and other second world war veterans filed a suit against the four school districts in California, when their children were turned away from white only schools.

Question 13

What happened in the Mendez v. Westminster case of 1947?

Answer 13

Supreme court ruled that segregating children of ‘Mexican and latin descent’ was unconstitutional.

Question 14

what were ‘blowouts’?

Answer 14

they were walk-outs (schools).

Question 15

describe details of a famous blowout

Answer 15

1968, 2,000 stuents from schools in eastern LA (Schools paid based on number of students each day)

Question 16

were blowouts successful? 2 for and 2 against

Answer 16

high media coverage, and gained Kennedy’s attention, however police forced students back to schools and there were no substantial changes to chicano education with more walkouts in 1971, 1972, 1974

Question 17

Who was Tijerina and what did he do?

Answer 17

formed a campaign to return land in new mexico to chicanos and made speeches. he managed o highlight position of chicanos and appealed to many young chicanos.

Question 18

After Tjerina’s legal campaign was deafeated what happened?

Answer 18

Tijerina launches a raid on a court house in new mexico.

Question 19

Who was Chavez?

Answer 19

trade union leader who lead struggle for rights in southern farming areas.

Question 20

What happened in Delano, 1965?

Answer 20

grape strike of Filipino American farm workers to press for higher wages

Question 21

What happened 6 months later in 1966?

Answer 21

Chavez and te UFW led a strike of California grape pickers on a march from Delano to California state capital.

Question 22

How long did grape strike last? Was it successful?

Answer 22

5 years, Attracted national attention, by early 70s most farm owners signed bargaining agreements with labourers for better wages.

Question 23

How did Hispanics fight for better political rights ?

Answer 23

Raza Unida Party founded in 1970 and party continues to fight for political rights today