HIS102 Test 1 Flashcards
Versailles
Royal court and home of King Louis XIV; massive palace; location of central gov’t machinery; and the place where powerful subjects came to find favors and offices; main area where rival aristocratic factions jostled for power.
Peter the Great
Tried to westernize Russia. Built St. Petersburg. Instilled European etiquette into Russia; men could not have beards and women were not secluded. Viewed Russia as being backwards. Est. a 2 class society: peasants and nobles.
Petition of Right
Prohibited taxation without Parliament’s consent, arbitrary imprisonment, the quartering of soldiers in private houses, and the declaration of martial law during peace time. This was to be accepted by the king before being granted tax revenues.
Robespierre
Formed the Committee of Public Safety. Helped develop the Reign of Terror to combat internal enemies within the gov’t. He was a political man who used power FOR the people.
Joseph II
Great Austrian emperor; ruled by means of enlightened absolutism; his reforms entailed sweeping away anything that stood in the way of reason; abolished serfdom and gave peasants hereditary rights to their holdings. Believed in religious toleration. Issued 6,000 decrees and 11,000 laws in his effort to reform Austria.
Enlightened Absolutism
Absolute rule FOR the people; enlightened despotism;
Glorious Revolution
England’s struggle to find a new monarch that was not Catholic. William of Orange was invited to invade England which forced James II and his family to flee to France. William and Mary took the throne of England. It was during this time that England’s Bill of Rights was made, asserting that Parliament, and not the king or queen, could make laws and levy taxes. The king could not abolish or interfere with Parliament. The devine-right theory of kingship was destroyed.
Newton
Invented calculus, laws of gravity; wrote Principia; held the position of master of the mint at the Royal Mint; president of the Royal Society; only English person buried in West minster Abby. Developed the theory of WORLD-MACHINE - operating absolutely in time, space, and motion.
Sans Culottes
The common people, who did not wear the fine clothes of the upper classes and played an important role in the radical phase of the French revolution; Shop owners, keepers;
Philosophes
Intellectuals of the 18th century Enlightenment who believed in applying a spirit of rational criticisms to all things, including religion and politics, and who focused on improving and enjoying this world, rather than on the afterlife.
Adam Smith
Scottish philosopher; wrote The Wealth of Nations; laissez-faire; anti-mercantilism; economists; physiocrat; Believed that labor was the true wealth of nations.
Paracelsus
Made changes in medicine; was against universities and traveled frequently; All parts of the universe were represented within a person; wanted to change the traditional system with chemical theory.
Catherine the Great
first Czarina of Russia; built schools for girls; was married to Peter III until he died, then she ruled.
