HIS 102 Flashcards
immigration who, what, where, when, and importance
immigration during the period from 1840 to 1929 had a significant impact on the United States. The text notes that during this period, there was a massive wave of immigration, with millions of people arriving in the US from Europe, Asia, and elsewhere. The text discusses the push and pull factors that led people to immigrate, such as economic hardship, political instability, and the promise of a better life in America.
The text also discusses the places from which immigrants came, including Ireland, Germany, Italy, and China, among others. It notes that many immigrants settled in urban areas, such as New York City, Chicago, and San Francisco, and worked in factories and other industries.
The text emphasizes the contributions that immigrants made to American society and culture during this period, noting that they helped to build the country’s economy and infrastructure, and brought with them their own traditions and customs that enriched American culture.
At the same time, the text acknowledges that immigration during this period was not without its controversies and challenges. It notes that many Americans were opposed to immigration, fearing that newcomers would take their jobs and overwhelm their communities. The text also discusses the discrimination and prejudice that immigrants faced, including anti-immigrant sentiment, nativism, and xenophobia.
Urbanization who, what, where, when, and importance
Who: Urbanization drew in diverse groups of people, including immigrants, African Americans migrating from the rural South, and rural farmers seeking work in urban areas. The population growth of cities also led to the rise of new social classes, such as the urban working class.
What: Urbanization is the process of a society becoming more urban, with a higher percentage of people living in cities and towns. Urbanization in the United States during this period involved the growth of cities, the development of urban infrastructure such as roads and public transportation, and the transformation of rural areas into suburban or urbanized spaces.
When: Urbanization began in the United States in the mid-19th century and continued throughout the 20th century.
Where: Urbanization occurred in major cities such as New York, Chicago, and Los Angeles, but also in smaller cities and towns throughout the country.
Significance: Urbanization had a significant impact on American society and culture during this time period. It led to the development of new forms of social and economic organization, as well as new modes of transportation and communication. Urbanization also brought about significant changes in American politics, as cities became centers of political power and organized labor movements emerged to advocate for the rights of urban workers. However, urbanization also created significant social and economic inequalities, as poor and working-class people were often concentrated in crowded, unsafe, and unsanitary urban areas. Urbanization also contributed to environmental problems such as pollution and resource depletion.
Industrialization who, what, where, when, and importance
Who: Industrialization involved the growth of large-scale factories and industries, which drew in a diverse range of workers, including immigrants, rural migrants, and women.
What: Industrialization is the process of a society becoming more industrial, with a greater emphasis on machine-based manufacturing and mass production. Industrialization in the United States during this period involved the growth of large-scale factories and industries, the development of new technologies such as the steam engine and the assembly line, and the transformation of agriculture and handicrafts into mechanized forms of production.
When: Industrialization began in the United States in the mid-19th century and continued throughout the 20th century.
Where: Industrialization occurred primarily in urban areas, particularly in the Northeast and Midwest regions of the United States.
Significance: Industrialization had a significant impact on American society and culture during this time period. It led to the growth of new industries and the creation of new jobs, but also to the exploitation of workers and the concentration of wealth in the hands of a few industrialists. Industrialization contributed to the growth of cities and the development of new forms of transportation and communication, but also to environmental problems such as pollution and resource depletion. Industrialization also brought about significant changes in American politics, as workers organized into unions and political movements emerged to advocate for the rights of industrial workers.
Manifest Destiny who, what, where, when, and importance
Who: Manifest Destiny was a concept embraced by many Americans, particularly in the West and among political leaders such as James K. Polk.
What: Manifest Destiny was the idea that it was America’s destiny to expand westward, to spread its institutions and values across the continent, and to control the North American continent from coast to coast.
When: The concept of Manifest Destiny emerged in the 1840s and continued to shape American policy and culture through the end of the 19th century.
Where: Manifest Destiny was focused on the western territories of the United States, particularly the areas beyond the Mississippi River.
Significance: Manifest Destiny had a significant impact on American history. It helped to drive westward expansion, including the annexation of Texas, the Mexican-American War, and the acquisition of vast territories such as California, Arizona, New Mexico, and parts of Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming. The concept also contributed to tensions between the North and South over the expansion of slavery, ultimately leading to the Civil War. Additionally, Manifest Destiny helped to shape American identity and ideals, with many Americans seeing the nation’s westward expansion as a moral and religious imperative.
Booker T Washington who, what, where, when, and importance
Booker T. Washington was an influential African American educator and leader who lived from 1856 to 1915. According to the US history textbook by P. Scott Corbett in 2014, Washington was born into slavery in Virginia and worked his way out of poverty to become one of the most important African American leaders of his time. He founded the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama, which focused on vocational education for African Americans.
Washington believed that African Americans should focus on economic and educational advancement rather than political rights, and he advocated for a policy of accommodation with white society. This approach became known as the “Atlanta Compromise,” which he articulated in a famous speech in 1895.
Washington’s ideas and leadership were controversial among African Americans and led to debates about the best way to achieve equality in the United States. Some saw his emphasis on vocational education and accommodation as a way to perpetuate racial inequality, while others saw it as a practical approach in a time of extreme racial hostility and violence.
Despite the controversies surrounding his ideas and leadership, Washington remains an important figure in African American history and in the history of the United States as a whole.
WEB Dubois who, what, where, when, and importance
WEB Dubois was a prominent African American intellectual, sociologist, historian, and civil rights activist in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. According to the US history textbook by P. Scott Corbett in 2014, Dubois was born in 1868 in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, and attended Fisk University, Harvard University, and the University of Berlin.
Dubois was an advocate for racial equality and civil rights for African Americans. He was a co-founder of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909 and served as the organization’s director of research and editor of its magazine, The Crisis. Dubois’s most famous work was The Souls of Black Folk, published in 1903, which addressed the social and political issues facing African Americans in the post-Civil War era.
Dubois advocated for full political, social, and economic equality for African Americans and criticized the gradualist approach of Booker T. Washington, another prominent African American leader of the time. Dubois believed that education and political action were the key to achieving equality for African Americans and that they should actively resist discrimination and segregation.
Jim Crow who, what, where, when, and importance
Jim Crow laws were state and local laws that enforced racial segregation and discrimination against African Americans from the late 1800s to the mid-1960s. They were enacted after the Reconstruction period, when Southern states sought to restrict the rights and freedoms of African Americans.
The textbook notes that Jim Crow laws were named after a popular minstrel show character who caricatured African Americans. These laws mandated racial segregation in public places such as schools, parks, restaurants, and public transportation, and prohibited interracial marriage. African Americans were denied the right to vote through measures such as literacy tests, poll taxes, and grandfather clauses. The laws also facilitated violence and terror against African Americans, including lynching and mob violence.
The textbook explains that Jim Crow laws were challenged by civil rights activists and organizations, including the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), and ultimately struck down by federal courts and legislation such as the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. The legacy of Jim Crow laws and their impact on African American communities, including disparities in education, housing, and wealth, continue to be felt in the United States today.
Plessy vs Ferguson who, what, where, when, and importance
Plessy v. Ferguson was a landmark Supreme Court case in 1896 that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the “separate but equal” doctrine. The case was brought about by Homer Plessy, an African American man who was arrested for refusing to move to a train car designated for African Americans only. The Court ruled 7-1 in favor of the state of Louisiana, allowing for racial segregation in public facilities as long as the separate facilities were considered equal in quality. This decision became a significant legal precedent for the enforcement of racial segregation in the South for decades to come, and it was not until the landmark Supreme Court case of Brown v. Board of Education in 1954 that “separate but equal” was overturned.
“The Gospel of Wealth” who, what, where, when, and importance
The Gospel of Wealth was an essay written by Andrew Carnegie in 1889, in which he argued that the accumulation of wealth by the few was a natural and necessary part of human progress, and that the wealthy had a moral obligation to use their wealth to improve society. Carnegie believed that the best way to use wealth was to give it away to support institutions that would benefit the public, such as libraries, universities, and hospitals. The Gospel of Wealth had a significant impact on philanthropy in the United States and helped to establish the idea of the “robber baron” as a philanthropist. However, the essay also generated controversy and criticism, with some arguing that it ignored the structural inequalities that allowed for the accumulation of wealth in the first place.
Pullman Strike who, what, where, when, and importance
The Pullman Strike occurred in 1894, during a time of labor unrest in the United States. The strike was led by Eugene V. Debs, who was the head of the American Railway Union. The workers at the Pullman Palace Car Company went on strike to protest wage cuts and the company town system in which they were forced to live. The strike quickly spread to other railroad workers, and soon much of the country’s rail transportation ground to a halt.
The US government, led by President Grover Cleveland, eventually intervened and sent federal troops to break the strike, citing it as a threat to public safety and the economy. The intervention led to violent clashes between the troops and strikers, resulting in injuries and deaths. The strike was ultimately unsuccessful in achieving its goals, and many workers lost their jobs as a result.
The Pullman Strike is significant in US history as it highlighted the growing tensions between workers and corporations during the industrialization era, and the government’s role in supporting corporate interests over labor. It also led to the creation of Labor Day as a national holiday in an attempt to recognize and honor the contributions of the labor movement to American society.
political machines who, what, where, when, and importance
According to the textbook, political machines were powerful organizations that emerged in cities during the late 19th century. These machines were run by political bosses, who controlled the activities of their party in a particular city or region. The bosses provided services and support to their constituents, often in exchange for their loyalty and support at the polls.
The political machines were important for immigrants, who were often new to the country and needed help with things like finding jobs, housing, and legal assistance. The machines would help immigrants in exchange for their votes and political support.
The textbook notes that while the political machines provided some benefits to their constituents, they were often corrupt and involved in illegal activities such as bribery and voter fraud. They also maintained a stranglehold on power and prevented political opposition from gaining a foothold in many cities.
The political machines were significant in shaping urban politics and the role of immigrants in the political process during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. They were both praised for their ability to provide services to constituents and criticized for their corruption and abuse of power.
George Washington Plunkitt who, what, where, when, and importance
George Washington Plunkitt was a prominent New York City politician who was associated with the Tammany Hall political machine. He served as a member of the New York State Assembly and the New York State Senate, and he was known for his ability to deliver votes for Tammany Hall candidates.
Plunkitt was born in 1842 and grew up in poverty in New York City’s Hell’s Kitchen neighborhood. He started out as a laborer and eventually became involved in politics through his work with the Democratic Party. He rose through the ranks of Tammany Hall and became one of its leading figures.
Plunkitt was known for his philosophy of “honest graft,” which he defined as using one’s political connections to make money for oneself while still serving the public interest. He argued that this was different from “dishonest graft,” which involved outright theft and corruption.
Plunkitt’s significance lies in his role as a representative of the corrupt and often shady world of urban politics in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. His philosophy of “honest graft” was indicative of the pervasive culture of corruption that characterized many of the country’s major cities during this period.
Spanish American War who, what, where, when, and importance
The Spanish-American War was a conflict between the United States and Spain that began in 1898. The war was fought mainly in Cuba, but also in the Philippines and other Spanish colonies. The main cause of the war was the United States’ desire to free Cuba from Spanish control and to expand its overseas empire.
The war was significant because it marked the emergence of the United States as a major world power. The victory over Spain gave the US control over Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines, which became US territories. The war also had important consequences for the people living in the territories that the US acquired. For example, in the Philippines, the US government faced a nationalist rebellion that lasted for several years and caused significant violence and loss of life.
Additionally, the war had important political consequences in the United States. It was a controversial conflict, with some Americans opposed to US expansionism and imperialism. The war was also notable for the role that the press played in shaping public opinion and for the emergence of figures such as Theodore Roosevelt, who became a national hero for his leadership of the Rough Riders cavalry unit during the conflict.
Panama Canal who, what, where, when, and importance
The canal, which was constructed between 1904 and 1914, was a strategic waterway that connected the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, greatly reducing the time and distance required for shipping goods and military vessels.
According to the textbook, the construction of the canal was led by the United States, which took control of the Panama Canal Zone after Panama declared independence from Colombia in 1903. The construction of the canal involved significant challenges, including engineering difficulties and outbreaks of tropical diseases, but it was ultimately completed and opened in 1914.
The Panama Canal had significant economic and military significance for the United States. It allowed for faster and more efficient transportation of goods and military vessels between the Atlantic and Pacific coasts, enabling the US to more easily project its military power throughout the world. Additionally, the canal was a major source of revenue for the US government, as it charged tolls for ships passing through the waterway.
However, the construction of the canal was also controversial. Many people, particularly in Panama, objected to US control of the canal zone, and there were protests and uprisings in the area throughout the early 20th century. Additionally, the construction of the canal had a significant impact on the environment and on the indigenous peoples who lived in the region. Overall, the Panama Canal remains an important event in US history, with significant economic, military, and political consequences.
Ruben Dario’s To Roosevelt who, what, where, when, and importance
Ruben Dario’s “To Roosevelt” is a poem written by the Nicaraguan poet Ruben Dario in 1904. The poem is an open letter to President Theodore Roosevelt of the United States, protesting the country’s interventionist policies in Latin America.
In the poem, Dario expresses his frustration with the United States’ disregard for the sovereignty of Latin American nations, and the use of military force to protect American interests in the region. He argues that America’s actions go against the ideals of democracy and freedom that it purports to champion.
The poem was published at a time when the United States was expanding its influence in Latin America through a policy known as the Roosevelt Corollary, which allowed the U.S. to intervene in the affairs of other nations in the Western Hemisphere in order to protect its interests.
“To Roosevelt” is important because it expresses the sentiments of many Latin Americans who felt oppressed and subjugated by the United States. It also highlights the hypocrisy of America’s claim to be a defender of freedom and democracy, while at the same time using its power to impose its will on other nations.
William Jennings Bryan who, what, where, when, and importance
William Jennings Bryan was a prominent figure in American politics during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He was born in 1860 in Salem, Illinois, and after attending law school, he became involved in Democratic Party politics in Nebraska.
Bryan rose to national prominence as a result of his impassioned speeches in support of free silver during the 1896 presidential campaign. He famously declared that the country was being crucified on a “cross of gold” due to the adoption of the gold standard, and his message resonated with farmers and laborers who were struggling in the face of economic hardship.
Although Bryan lost the 1896 presidential election to Republican William McKinley, he remained a prominent political figure for years to come. He ran for president twice more, in 1900 and 1908, and continued to be an advocate for progressive causes such as women’s suffrage and the regulation of big business.
Bryan’s significance lies in his status as a prominent populist and progressive voice during a time of great social and economic change in American history. He championed the causes of working-class Americans and challenged the power of big business and wealthy elites. His influence helped to shape the direction of American politics during the early 20th century.
“Cross of Gold” who, what, where, when, and importance
The “Cross of Gold” speech was delivered by William Jennings Bryan at the 1896 Democratic National Convention. In the speech, Bryan attacked the gold standard and advocated for the use of silver as currency, famously declaring, “You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns, you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold.”
The speech was significant because it helped Bryan win the Democratic nomination for president, despite the opposition of many party leaders. It also energized the Populist movement, which was calling for more democratic and populist economic policies. The speech has been remembered as one of the greatest political speeches in American history, and it remains a symbol of the struggle between the interests of the common people and those of the wealthy elite.
Populist Party who, what, where, when, and importance
The Populist Party was a political party in the United States that emerged in the 1890s as a response to the economic and social issues faced by farmers and laborers. According to the US history textbook by P. Scott Corbett in 2014, the Populist Party was made up of mainly farmers from the South and West who were experiencing economic hardship due to falling crop prices, high tariffs, and heavy debts. The party’s platform called for reforms such as government ownership of railroads, a graduated income tax, and the free coinage of silver to increase the money supply and help debtors pay off their loans. The Populist Party’s presidential candidate, William Jennings Bryan, famously delivered the “Cross of Gold” speech at the 1896 Democratic National Convention, advocating for the use of silver as currency to benefit farmers and workers. Although Bryan lost the election, the Populist Party’s ideas and platform had a lasting impact on American politics and helped set the stage for later progressive reforms.
