ENG 312

Question 1

Who was John Smith?

Answer 1

• (1580-1631)
• Explorer, leader, and a promoter.
• Wrote a Description of New England (1616)
• Propaganda ideas of settlers, economic motives + other motives?

Question 2

Who was John Cotton?

Answer 2

• (1585-1652)
• Cambridge U educated theologian and minister
• Puritan
• Wrote “God’s Promise To His Plantations” 1630 before emigrating to NE 1633.
• Sig. relgious fig. in Mass. Bay C.

Question 3

Who was John Winthrop?

Answer 3

• (1588-1649)
• English lawyer, led Puritans to Mass Bay
• Governor of Bay Col.
• “Model of Christian Charity” -Lay sermon written on the Arabella 1630
• “City on a Hill”

Question 4

Who was Anne Bradstreet?

Answer 4

• (1612-1672)
• Puritan; Born in England; emigrated to America 1630
• daughter and wife of Mass Bay Col. Govenor
• educated (unusual for women)
• “Tenth Muse” published in London 1650 w/o her permission.
• Traditional forms, applied to domestic isses and her faith.

Question 5

Who was Samuel Pepys?

Answer 5

• (1633-1703)
• Diary (1660-1669) published in 19th Century was an important record of daily life
• Account of Great Fire; images of chaos, loss, exhaution, and community.

Question 6

Who was John Dryden?

Answer 6

• (1631-1700)
• dramatist, poest +critic; named poet luareate in 1668
• Probably Puritan upbringing but converted to catholicism
• loyal to Charles II + James II
• Annus Mirabilis: (“Year of Miracles” ie 1666)
• Plague, war, fire as trials to stengthen England
• London will arise like a phoenix from the ashes to become the center of world (via trade/empire)

Question 7

How does Winthorp define “love” in his sermon “A Model of Christian Charity” and why is love so important to the success of the puritans mission in New England, in his words?

Answer 7

John Winthrop, a Puritan leader and the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, delivered his famous sermon “A Model of Christian Charity” in 1630 aboard the ship Arbella, which was bound for New England. In this sermon, Winthrop defines love as the bond that unites the members of a Christian community and as the foundation of a successful Puritan mission in the New World.

Winthrop begins by stating that God has commanded His people to love one another, and that this love is a duty that must be fulfilled in order to receive God’s blessings. He argues that the love that exists within the Christian community is not based on personal affection, but rather on the common goal of serving God and building a holy society. He refers to this love as “Christian charity” and emphasizes that it is not merely an emotional feeling, but a practical expression of commitment to God and to one’s fellow believers.

Winthrop then goes on to explain why this love is so important to the success of the Puritan mission in New England. He states that God has chosen the Puritans to be a “city upon a hill,” an example to the rest of the world of how a Christian community should live and function. He argues that this requires a high level of unity, cooperation, and self-sacrifice among the members of the community, and that without love, these qualities cannot be achieved. He warns that if the Puritans fail to live up to their calling and to love one another, they will lose God’s favor and be punished.

Question 8

Anne Bradstreet’s Poems reflect the gender expectations of the seventeenth century. How does her poems, “The author to her book” “My dear loving husband” “As weary pilgrims now rest” challenges those expectations?

Answer 8

Anne Bradstreet was a poet who lived in the seventeenth century, a time when gender expectations were very different from today. Women were expected to be obedient, submissive, and focused on domestic duties, while men were seen as the leaders and providers of their households. Bradstreet’s poetry reflects some of these gender expectations, but also challenges them in a number of ways.

In her poem “The Author to Her Book,” Bradstreet challenges the gender expectation that women should be passive and submissive. The poem describes the poet’s frustration with a book she has written, which she compares to a child that has been taken away from her before it is fully formed. Bradstreet speaks with a strong and assertive voice, asserting her authority over her work and refusing to let others dictate how it should be presented to the world. This goes against the prevailing belief that women should be meek and deferential.

In “My Dear Loving Husband,” Bradstreet challenges the idea that women are less capable of expressing deep emotions than men. The poem is a love letter to her husband, in which she expresses her deep affection for him and her desire to be with him forever. This goes against the belief that women are incapable of deep emotional connections, and shows that women are just as capable of expressing love and devotion as men.

In “As Weary Pilgrims Now Rest,” Bradstreet challenges the expectation that women should be solely focused on domestic duties. The poem describes the Christian concept of heaven as a place of rest for the faithful, and Bradstreet describes it in terms of a journey or pilgrimage. By using this metaphor, Bradstreet suggests that women’s lives are not limited to domestic tasks, but can also involve spiritual growth and exploration.

Question 9

What is the relationship between Pepys’ account of the fire and Dryden’s predictions for London in the aftermath?

Answer 9

Samuel Pepys was a diarist who wrote about the Great Fire of London in 1666, while John Dryden was a poet who wrote a prophetic poem titled “Annus Mirabilis” in the same year. Although Pepys and Dryden were writing about the same historical event, their accounts and predictions are somewhat different.

Pepys’ account of the fire is a detailed and factual record of what he saw and experienced. He describes the flames, the destruction of buildings, and the panic and confusion of the people in London. Pepys’ primary concern is with the immediate effects of the fire, such as the loss of property and the disruption of daily life.

In contrast, Dryden’s poem “Annus Mirabilis” is a more prophetic account of the fire and its aftermath. He uses the fire as a symbol of a larger crisis in England, including the ongoing Anglo-Dutch Wars and the political and social instability of the time. Dryden predicts that the fire will be followed by other disasters, both natural and man-made, and that London will face a period of upheaval and transformation.

Despite these differences, there is some overlap between Pepys’ account and Dryden’s predictions. Both writers acknowledge the scale of the disaster and the profound impact it had on London and its people. Pepys’ account describes the fire as a “dreadful calamity,” while Dryden refers to it as a “dreadful comet.” Both writers also recognize the need for rebuilding and renewal in the wake of the fire. Pepys notes that plans are being made to rebuild the city, while Dryden suggests that the fire may be an opportunity for England to emerge stronger and more resilient.

Question 10

Who was Mary Rowlandson

Answer 10

• (1637-1711)
• Born in England Puritan (Mass B. Col. ); Wife of minister
• Context: King Philip’s War (1675-1676) war b/w English settlers and wampanoag and Naragesett in SE New England (Mass)
• King Philip (Metacom) led attack after years of hostilies from colonists
• Rowlandson held captive for 11 weeks in 1676
• Why? Possibly for cultural reasons (a mourning was or ransom)
• Published narrative about her experiences in 1682
• Spiritual Autobiography: Idea of the “wilderness” as the “devil’s territory.” The first transatlantic “best-seller. “

Question 11

Mary Rowlandson’s 2 Voices: Conflict

Answer 11

Patient Puritan Counterpart:
* “But the Lord renewed my strength and carries me along, that I might see more of his power” 2nd Remove
* “read the 1st and the 28th Deuteronomy, which I did (3rd remove)

Question 12

Mary Rowlandson’s 2 Voices: Contradiction

Answer 12

Resourceful Surivor:
* There came an Indian to them at the time w/ a basket of horse liver, “ Can you eat liver?” and yet, a savory bit it was to me (7th remove)
* Philip spoke to me to make a shirt for his+ gave me a shilling (8th remove)

Question 13

Why does Mary Rowlandson’s voice schism exist?

Answer 13

• an attempt to control her own narrative and responses to it? To explain why she subverts the norms of gender + her faith?
• Public vs private voices?
• Has trauma resulted in a subverted divide?

Question 14

What is the most surprising about Mary Rowlandson’s Narrative? Why might she have wanted to surprise or shock her audience?

Answer 14

Mary Rowlandson’s Narrative is a personal account of her experience of being taken captive by Native Americans during King Philip’s War in 1676. The most surprising aspect of Rowlandson’s Narrative is perhaps her sympathetic portrayal of her captors, which challenges the prevailing stereotype of Native Americans as savages and barbarians. Rowlandson describes the kindness and generosity of some of her captors, and even refers to them as “friends.”

This sympathetic portrayal of Native Americans is surprising because it goes against the prevailing attitudes of the time. In the seventeenth century, Native Americans were often portrayed as savage and uncivilized, and were seen as a threat to European settlers. Rowlandson’s narrative challenges these stereotypes and presents a more nuanced and sympathetic view of Native Americans.

There are a number of reasons why Rowlandson might have wanted to surprise or shock her audience with this portrayal. One possibility is that she wanted to challenge the prevailing attitudes of her time and encourage greater understanding and tolerance between different groups. By presenting Native Americans as complex and multifaceted individuals, rather than as one-dimensional stereotypes, she may have hoped to promote greater understanding and empathy.

Another possibility is that Rowlandson wanted to shock her audience in order to gain attention and sympathy. As a captive, she would have been a figure of interest to many people, and her narrative may have been an attempt to gain support and assistance from others. By presenting a sympathetic portrayal of her captors, she may have been hoping to win over potential allies and supporters.

Question 15

How is Mary Rowlandson’s split narrative voice reflected in the way that she describes the Native Americans? Give examples.

Answer 15

Mary Rowlandson’s split narrative voice is reflected in the way that she describes the Native Americans in her Narrative. On the one hand, Rowlandson portrays the Native Americans as brutal and cruel, responsible for the deaths of many settlers and for the destruction of towns and villages. On the other hand, she also describes the Native Americans with a sense of sympathy and even admiration, highlighting their kindness, generosity, and hospitality towards her and her fellow captives.

For example, early in the narrative, Rowlandson describes the Native Americans as “barbarous creatures” who “had murdered many of our English” and who were “as savage as the wildest beasts of the wilderness.” However, as her captivity progresses, Rowlandson’s portrayal becomes more nuanced. She describes the kindness of her captors, who provide her with food, shelter, and clothing, and who try to make her feel as comfortable as possible. She also notes the cultural differences between her own Puritan background and the Native American culture, and seems to be fascinated by the Native Americans’ way of life.

This split narrative voice reflects Rowlandson’s own conflicted feelings towards the Native Americans. As a Puritan, she would have been taught to view Native Americans as uncivilized heathens who needed to be converted to Christianity. At the same time, her experience of being taken captive and her interactions with her captors seem to have challenged her preconceptions and opened her mind to the possibility of a more nuanced and sympathetic view of Native Americans.

Question 16

The narrator of Oroonoko describes both Native Americans and Coramentians (West Africans) in detail. What similarities and differences does she observe?

Answer 16

In terms of similarities, the narrator notes that both Native Americans and West Africans are skilled hunters and warriors. She describes the Coramentians as “the most warlike and the bravest people of all that part of Africa,” and notes their use of bows and arrows as well as other weapons. Similarly, the narrator notes that the Native Americans are skilled in using the bow and arrow, and describes them as “mighty hunters.”

Both groups are also described as having strong familial ties and a deep respect for their elders. The narrator notes that the Coramentians have a complex system of hierarchy and respect for their elders, and describes the importance of family and kinship in their society. Similarly, the narrator notes that the Native Americans have a strong sense of family and community, and describes their communal living arrangements and social organization.

In terms of differences, the narrator notes that the Coramentians have a complex system of slavery, in which individuals can be enslaved as a punishment for crimes or as a result of war. The narrator notes that the Coramentians are known for their skill in capturing and enslaving other Africans, and describes the brutal treatment of enslaved individuals.

The Native Americans, on the other hand, do not have a system of slavery in the way that the Coramentians do. However, the narrator notes that the Native Americans have a complex system of tribal alliances and rivalries, which can lead to conflict and violence between different groups.

Question 17

Who was Aphra Behn?

Answer 17

• (1640-1689)
• authorship, cultural memory
• A “True History” read as a: historical text, memior, travel narrative, and biography.
• “the Royal Slave”: “noble savage”, race, disourses of slavery, oroonoko and abolition.

Question 18

How does Aphra Behn represent herself as narrator of Oroonoko’s tale? (Is she reliable? A neutral observer? How is her role influenced by her gender?)

Answer 18

As the narrator of “Oroonoko,” Aphra Behn represents herself as a reliable observer who presents the events of the story objectively. However, her reliability as a narrator has been a subject of much debate among literary critics. Some argue that she presents a biased and one-sided view of the events, while others argue that her narration is more complex than it appears at first glance.

In terms of her gender, Behn’s role as narrator is certainly influenced by the fact that she is a woman writing in a male-dominated literary tradition. Some critics have suggested that Behn’s portrayal of Oroonoko and his tragic fate can be read as a critique of patriarchal power structures and the ways in which women are excluded from political and social power.

At the same time, Behn’s portrayal of Oroonoko and other African characters in the novel has been criticized for perpetuating racist stereotypes and exoticizing African culture. This has led some scholars to question Behn’s reliability as a narrator and to question whether her portrayal of African characters is accurate or fair.

Question 19

Connect locke’s position about slavery to oroonoko’s

Answer 19

John Locke, in his writing “Two Treatises of Government,” argued that all men have a natural right to life, liberty, and property. He also argued that the government’s role was to protect these natural rights, and that it was the right of the people to overthrow a government that failed to do so.

In “Oroonoko,” Aphra Behn presents a similar argument against slavery. Oroonoko, the titular character, is a West African prince who is captured and enslaved by English colonizers. Throughout the novel, Behn portrays slavery as a violation of Oroonoko’s natural rights and a form of oppression that is unjust and cruel.

This is evident in the way that Oroonoko is treated by his captors, who view him as nothing more than a piece of property to be bought and sold. They ignore his humanity and dignity, and subject him to physical and emotional abuse.

Behn also uses Oroonoko’s story to critique the broader system of slavery and colonialism, arguing that it is immoral and unjust. By portraying Oroonoko as a sympathetic and noble character, Behn challenges the racist and dehumanizing stereotypes that were common in European representations of African people.

Question 20

How does the speaker of ,”A Modest Proposal” persuade the reader to agree with his proposal before he explains what’s involved?

Answer 20

In “A Modest Proposal,” the speaker uses several rhetorical strategies to persuade the reader to agree with his proposal before he explains what it involves. One of the most effective strategies he employs is satire, which involves using humor, irony, and exaggeration to expose and criticize the flaws in society.

The speaker begins by presenting himself as a reasonable and compassionate individual who is concerned about the welfare of Ireland and its people. He then proceeds to outline the problem of overpopulation and poverty in Ireland, which he claims is due to the incompetence of the Irish government and the greed of the English landlords.

The speaker then suggests that the solution to this problem is to sell the children of the poor as food for the wealthy. He presents this proposal as a logical and rational solution to the problem of poverty, arguing that it would reduce the population, provide income for the poor, and satisfy the appetites of the rich.

Throughout the essay, the speaker uses humor and irony to make his proposal seem reasonable and logical, while at the same time exposing the greed and callousness of the wealthy and the indifference of the government to the suffering of the poor. By adopting a serious and rational tone, he also creates the impression that he is a credible and authoritative source of information.

Question 21

Why was stanza 2 important in a “Modest Proposal?”

Answer 21

The second stanza of “A Modest Proposal” is important because it sets the tone for the entire essay and introduces the satirical and ironic approach that the speaker will use throughout the rest of the text.

In this stanza, the speaker establishes the problem that he claims to be addressing, which is the poverty and overpopulation of Ireland. He then proposes a solution that seems at first to be a reasonable and rational one, namely, to “devise a method for making these children sound and useful members of the commonwealth.”

However, in the next sentence, the speaker reveals the true nature of his proposal by stating that the children of the poor should be “bred for sale” and that they should be “served in stews at one year old.” This shocking and grotesque image immediately establishes the satirical and ironic tone of the essay, as the reader realizes that the speaker is not actually proposing a serious solution to the problem, but rather exposing the greed and indifference of the wealthy and powerful.

The second stanza also introduces the idea of treating people as commodities, which is a central theme of the essay. By suggesting that children should be bred and sold as if they were livestock, the speaker highlights the dehumanizing effects of poverty and the callousness of those who profit from it.

Question 22

Define dissenters:

Answer 22

Dissenters are people who say that they do not agree with something that other people agree with or that is official policy

Question 23

Neoclassical Art and Literature valued:

Answer 23

• Greek and Roman (“The Augustans”)
• Imitation
• learning
• tradition
• control/order (as seen in Pope’s garden @ Twickenham

Question 24

Define satire:

Answer 24

reform through ridicule

Question 25

Define heroic couplet:

Answer 25

Rhymed pairs of lines in iambic pentameter.

Question 26

Who was Johnathan Swift?

Answer 26

• (1667-1745)
• Born in Dublin to English parents
• commented on religion/politics; shifted alligience from Whig (industrialist change) to Tory (conservatives)
• Church of England (Ireland) clergyman; Dean of St. Patrick’s cathedral, Dublin; opposed England’s oppression of Ireland.
• Mostly prose Gulliver’s travels, 1726), noted satirist
• Characterized himself as a “misanthrope” in a letter to Alexandar Pope.

Question 27

Difference b/w Whigs and Torys

Answer 27

• Whig (industrialist change)
• Tory (conservatives)

Question 28

Define misanthrope

Answer 28

a person who dislikes humankind and avoids human society.

Question 29

Who was Alexandar Pope?

Answer 29

• (1688-1744)
• catholic (excluded from civic life); crippled by Tuberculosis of the bone.
• like swift, shifted alliginace from Whigs to Tory
• Professional writer
  * Spokeman for traditional values
  * poet master of the heroic couplet

Question 30

An Essay on Man

Answer 30

• (1733-34)
• promises to “vindicate the ways of God to man”
• Empirical reasoning (descartes, Locke)
• Great Chain of Being
• Emphasizes humanity’s inability to know God’s plan/see from God’s perspcetive
• “whatever is, is right.”

Question 31

Who was Lady Wortley Montagu?

Answer 31

• (1689-1762)
• Wife of British ambassador to Turkey.
  * Letters: First secular account of Muslim world by a woman
  * Introduced smallpox innoculation to Britain
  * Challenged contemporary attitudes toward women
  Wortley Montagu challenged both Pope and swift often w/ respect to gender issues, and was mocked by them in their work.

“Swift, “The Lady’s Dressing Room, 1732”
Wortley Montagu, “Reasons that Induced Dr. Swift to write a Poem Called the Lady’s Dressing Room” 1734

Question 32

What are gendered masks?

Answer 32

• Beauty patches that were worn as both fashion statements and to cover blemishes and pock marks.
  * Cosmetics
  * other products
  * wigs
  * corsets
  * embellishments
  =ALL OF WHICH ARE USED BY BOTH MEN AND WOMEN

Question 33

Who was Eliza Haywood?

Answer 33

• (1693-1756)
• actor and author of “amatory fiction”
• Competitive w/ swift and Defoe; satirized by Pope
• Fantomia (1728)
• female desire, disquise masquerade (class), and reputation vs virtue.

Question 34

What are herioc couplets?

Answer 34

1. Two lines of poetry
2. written in iambic pentameter
   (10 syllables, unstressed, and stressed syllables)

Question 35

How does Wortley Montagu use her position as an englishwoman abroad to critique her own society?

Answer 35

Lady Mary Wortley Montagu was a writer and traveler who used her position as an English woman abroad to critique her own society. She was particularly critical of the treatment of women in English society, which she contrasted with the relative freedom and agency enjoyed by women in the Ottoman Empire, where she lived for a time. In her letters, she wrote about the Ottoman harem as a space of female power and solidarity, and criticized English society for its lack of opportunities for women to exercise their intellect and engage in public life.

For example, in a letter to her friend Anne Wortley, Montagu wrote:

“I am convinced that the confinement of the Turkish women is no such great hardship as they are generally imagined to make it; and I fancy it would be a task much more difficult, to confine one of our country-women to the seraglio, than to keep a Turkish lady within the bounds of her prison.”

Here, Montagu is suggesting that the confinement of women in the Ottoman Empire is not as oppressive as it might seem, and that it is actually easier for Turkish women to live within the confines of the harem than it would be for English women to be similarly confined. By doing so, she is not only challenging English stereotypes of Ottoman women as oppressed and powerless, but also critiquing English society for its lack of opportunities for women to exercise their agency and intellect.

Question 36

Satire uses mockery, sarcasm, and humor to draw attention to an issue, with the intention of encouraging change. For both reading pieces of Swift, “The Lady’s Dressing Room” , and Montagu’s “ The Reason’s that Induced Dr. Swift to write a Poem called the Lady’s Dressing Room” , identify the issues being satirized and explain what change the author might have hoped to inspire.

Answer 36

Both “The Lady’s Dressing Room” and “The Reason’s that Induced Dr. Swift to write a Poem called the Lady’s Dressing Room” satirize the excessive vanity and false beauty standards of upper-class women in 18th century England. Swift highlights the absurdity of women’s obsession with their appearance by satirizing the Lady’s Dressing Room as a filthy and disgusting place. Montagu critiques Swift’s poem and reinforces the idea that women should not be judged by their appearance alone, but rather by their intelligence and character.

Through their satire, both Swift and Montagu hoped to inspire a change in societal attitudes towards women and their focus on physical appearance. They wanted to encourage a shift towards valuing women for their intellect and personality, rather than solely for their beauty.

Question 37

what was haywood’s motivation of the character fantomina to keep making up new diguises?

Answer 37

In Eliza Haywood’s novella “Fantomina,” the motivation behind the character’s continual creation of new disguises is her desire for sexual exploration and freedom. Fantomina, a young woman of the upper class, becomes enamored with a man she meets at a masquerade ball and decides to disguise herself to continue seeing him. When he rejects her advances, she creates new personas to approach him again and again, using her disguises to gain sexual experiences that would not be available to her in her social position. Ultimately, her actions lead to her downfall and disgrace.

Question 38

Identify the roles and guises that fantomina takes on.

Answer 38

• A prostitute: Fantomina’s first guise is that of a prostitute named Celia. She meets Beauplaisir in this guise and they begin an affair.
• A wealthy widow: After Beauplaisir tires of Celia, Fantomina assumes the guise of a wealthy widow named Mrs. Bloomer. She seduces Beauplaisir again and they begin a new affair.
• A servant: When Beauplaisir becomes bored of Mrs. Bloomer, Fantomina assumes the guise of a servant girl named Fantomina. She disguises herself to spy on Beauplaisir and see who he is seeing.
• A lady of rank: Fantomina’s final guise is as a lady of rank named Incognita. She assumes this guise to test Beauplaisir’s true feelings for her. However, he rejects her in this guise, and Fantomina realizes that her plan has failed.

Question 39

Who was Samuel Johnson?

Answer 39

• (1709-1784)
• lower/middle class origins; professional writer (for money)
• highly structured prose; wit
• Dictionary (1755)
• periodical essays: important moral issues of his day
• Idler No. 31 (on Idleness), 1758

Question 40

Who was Benjamin Franklin?

Answer 40

• (1706-1790)
• printer, writer, scientist, diplomat
• Autobiography (begun 1771; pub. posthumously)
  –New genre
  
  • rise of individualism
    –emphasis on reason

Question 41

Who was Phillis Wheatley?

Answer 41

• (c. 1753-1784)
• First African American pub. poet
• Born in West Africa brought to America as a slave in 1761; lived in Boston
• Encouraged by her owner to read and write; emancipated after publication of Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral (London, 1773).
• Died in poverty and obscurity

Question 42

Who was Olaudah Equiano?

Answer 42

• (c. 1745-1797)
• Interesting narrative of the life of Olauda Equiano, or Gustavas Vassa, the African, written by himself (1789)
• slave narratives vs autobiography
  -multiple genres
  -important historical resource
  -idea of “collective memory”
  -political motive as well as personal
• abolitionist movement of the 1780s
  -shifting values (towards rights)
  -rise of methodism
  -New value placed on emotion.

Question 43

Click on the Google Sheet and get a random number for a random reading and page number, and then guess the date, author, and side of the ocean.

Answer 43

https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1658Gn_xvw63UR68WiHceWitKzhX_FKuf-mHwadLiuoY/edit#gid=0

Question 44

Click on the Google Sheet and get a random number for a random reading and page number, and then guess the date, author, and side of the ocean.

Answer 44

https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1658Gn_xvw63UR68WiHceWitKzhX_FKuf-mHwadLiuoY/edit#gid=0

Question 45

Click on the Google Sheet and get a random number for a random reading and page number, and then guess the date, author, and side of the ocean.

Answer 45

https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1658Gn_xvw63UR68WiHceWitKzhX_FKuf-mHwadLiuoY/edit#gid=0

Question 46

Click on the Google Sheet and get a random number for a random reading and page number, and then guess the date, author, and side of the ocean.

Answer 46

https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1658Gn_xvw63UR68WiHceWitKzhX_FKuf-mHwadLiuoY/edit#gid=0

Question 47

A True Relation
Author, date, analysis:

Answer 47

A True Relation is a written account by Captain John Smith of his exploration of the Chesapeake Bay area in 1608. The narrative describes the journey that Smith and his crew took as they explored the land and encountered the Native American tribes living in the area. The account is written in a straightforward, factual manner, with minimal embellishment or interpretation.

One of the most striking aspects of A True Relation is its emphasis on the practical aspects of exploration. Throughout the narrative, Smith is primarily concerned with providing accurate descriptions of the landscape, the climate, and the various tribes he encounters. He is particularly interested in documenting the flora and fauna of the area, as well as the resources that might be useful for future colonizers.

Smith also frequently mentions his interactions with the Native Americans, describing their customs, clothing, and weapons in detail. However, his descriptions often seem detached and matter-of-fact, with little consideration for the cultural context or significance of these observations. For example, he describes the Powhatan tribe as being “naked, saving their privities” without any commentary on the cultural significance of this style of dress.

Overall, A True Relation provides a valuable glimpse into the mindset of early explorers and the practical considerations that shaped their interactions with new lands and peoples. However, the narrative is limited by its focus on factual accuracy at the expense of deeper analysis or interpretation. As such, it is a valuable historical document but may not provide a complete understanding of the complexities of cross-cultural encounters during this time period.

Question 48

*A Description of New England * Author, date, and analysis

Answer 48

A Description of New England is a pamphlet written by John Smith in 1616. Smith was a British adventurer, explorer, and colonizer who played a vital role in the early colonization of North America. In this pamphlet, Smith provides a detailed description of the region known as New England, which includes modern-day states such as Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. The pamphlet was aimed at attracting English settlers to the region.

Smith’s description of New England is a combination of factual observations and his personal opinions. He begins by describing the geography and natural resources of the region, highlighting the abundance of fish, forests, and fertile land. He also provides a detailed account of the native inhabitants, their customs, and their way of life. Smith is careful to describe the natives as peaceful and hospitable, in contrast to the popular negative image of Native Americans in the English imagination at the time.

Throughout the pamphlet, Smith emphasizes the potential benefits of settling in New England, such as the ease of access to natural resources and the opportunities for trade with the natives. He also emphasizes the potential for religious freedom, which was a significant concern for English settlers at the time.

However, Smith’s portrayal of New England is not entirely accurate or unbiased. He tends to exaggerate the potential for wealth and prosperity in the region, and he downplays the challenges and difficulties that settlers would face. He also perpetuates negative stereotypes of other Native American groups, such as the “cruel and treacherous” tribes further south.

In conclusion, A Description of New England is a significant document in the early history of English colonization in North America. Smith’s detailed description of the region and its inhabitants was intended to attract settlers and investment to the region. While the pamphlet provides valuable insights into the geography and culture of New England, it must be read with a critical eye, as it reflects Smith’s biases and interests as an adventurer and promoter of colonization.

Question 49

God’s Promise to
His Plantations
Author, date, and analysis

Answer 49

Cotton Mather’s “God’s Promise to His Plantations” is a sermon delivered in 1707 in Boston, Massachusetts. The sermon presents the idea that the American colonies are part of God’s divine plan and that the colonists have a duty to fulfill that plan by spreading the Gospel to the Native Americans and building a godly society.

Mather begins the sermon by stating that the colonies are “the largest Engagements, that the Providence of God has in these latter Ages, vouchsafed unto any People.” He argues that the colonies are a gift from God and that the colonists have a responsibility to make the most of that gift. He suggests that the colonies have been established to provide a place where God’s people can build a new society that is more in line with God’s will.

Mather argues that the colonists have a duty to spread the Gospel to the Native Americans. He suggests that the Native Americans are “the most desolate and miserable Objects in the World.” He argues that it is the colonists’ duty to share the Gospel with them and to help them become part of the godly society that the colonists are building. Mather suggests that this will require a great deal of effort and sacrifice on the part of the colonists, but he believes that it is worth it.

Mather also suggests that the colonies are part of a larger plan that God has for the world. He argues that God has chosen the colonists to help spread his word and to build a godly society. He suggests that this is an important part of God’s plan for the world and that the colonists have a duty to fulfill that plan.

Overall, Mather’s “God’s Promise to His Plantations” is a call to action for the colonists. He argues that they have a duty to build a godly society and to spread the Gospel to the Native Americans. He suggests that this will require a great deal of effort and sacrifice on the part of the colonists, but he believes that it is worth it because it is part of God’s plan for the world. The sermon reflects the Puritan belief that the colonies were chosen by God and that the colonists had a divine duty to fulfill.

Question 50

A Model of Christian Charity Author, date, and analysis

Answer 50

“A Model of Christian Charity” is a sermon delivered by John Winthrop, a Puritan leader, aboard the Arbella on the way to the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630. The sermon expounds on the concept of unity among the settlers and the importance of building a society based on God’s principles. Winthrop’s vision of the Puritan community is rooted in Christian charity and love, which he believes is necessary for a successful society. This essay will provide an analysis of Winthrop’s “A Model of Christian Charity” and explore the central themes of the sermon.

One of the central themes of “A Model of Christian Charity” is the concept of community. Winthrop believes that the Puritan community must be built on a foundation of unity, and that every member must be committed to the common good of the colony. He states, “We must be knit together in this work as one man” (Winthrop 19). This idea of the Puritan community as a unified body is further emphasized when Winthrop describes the community as a “city upon a hill” (Winthrop 22), a phrase that has since become synonymous with American exceptionalism. By portraying the Puritan community as a model for other societies to emulate, Winthrop underscores the importance of unity in creating a successful society.

Another important theme in “A Model of Christian Charity” is the concept of Christian love. Winthrop argues that the Puritan community must be founded on Christian love, which he describes as “that love which is kindled by the Holy Spirit in the hearts of the faithful” (Winthrop 18). This love is not limited to personal relationships but extends to the community as a whole. Winthrop argues that the community must demonstrate love for each other and that the strong must care for the weak. He states, “We must bear one another’s burdens” (Winthrop 19), emphasizing the idea that the community must work together to support each other.

Finally, Winthrop argues that the Puritan community must be built on God’s principles. He argues that the success of the community depends on its obedience to God’s laws. Winthrop believes that the Puritans were chosen by God to establish a new society that would serve as a model for other societies to follow. He states, “For we must consider that we shall be as a city upon a hill. The eyes of all people are upon us” (Winthrop 22). By emphasizing the importance of obedience to God’s laws, Winthrop underscores the idea that the Puritan community must be based on principles that transcend human laws and institutions.

In conclusion, “A Model of Christian Charity” provides a framework for the Puritan community to build a successful society based on Christian love, unity, and obedience to God’s laws. Winthrop’s vision of the Puritan community as a “city upon a hill” has had a lasting impact on American culture and has become synonymous with American exceptionalism. Through this sermon, Winthrop emphasized the importance of community, Christian love, and obedience to God’s principles, which he believed were necessary for the success of the Puritan society.

Question 51

“The Author to her Book,” “To my Dear and Loving Husband,” “Before the Birth of one of
her Children,” “As weary pilgrim, now at rest,” “Prologue Author, date, and analysis

Answer 51

“The Author to her Book” is a poem by Anne Bradstreet in which the author expresses her frustration with her published work. She describes her book as her “ill-form’d offspring,” and feels embarrassed by its imperfections. However, the poem also reflects Bradstreet’s affection for her work, and her desire for it to be well-received. The poem speaks to the complexity of creative endeavors and the vulnerability of sharing them with others.

“To my Dear and Loving Husband” is a love poem by Anne Bradstreet in which the author expresses her deep love and devotion to her husband. She uses religious language to convey the intensity of her feelings, referring to their love as a “heavenly flame” that will endure even after death. The poem reflects Bradstreet’s belief in the importance of love and devotion, both in marriage and in one’s relationship with God.

“Before the Birth of one of her Children” is a poem by Anne Bradstreet in which the author reflects on the uncertainty and anxiety she feels about giving birth. She acknowledges the possibility of death, but also expresses hope that she will survive to raise her child. The poem speaks to the challenges of motherhood and the fears that come with the responsibility of bringing new life into the world.

“As weary pilgrim, now at rest” is a poem by Anne Bradstreet in which the author reflects on her own mortality and the inevitability of death. She describes her life as a journey, and imagines herself as a pilgrim who has finally reached her destination. The poem speaks to the human experience of mortality and the search for meaning in life.

“Prologue” is a poem by Anne Bradstreet in which the author speaks to the challenges she faced as a woman writer in a male-dominated society. She acknowledges the limitations placed on women’s education and creativity, but also asserts her own worth as a writer. The poem speaks to the struggles of women writers throughout history, and their ongoing fight for recognition and respect.

Overall, these poems by Anne Bradstreet explore themes of love, mortality, creativity, and the struggles faced by women writers. They offer insight into the experiences of a woman living in colonial America, and continue to resonate with readers today.

Question 52

Annus Mirabilis Author, date, and analysis

Answer 52

“Annus Mirabilis” is a poem written by John Dryden in 1666, and it is considered one of his most famous works. The poem is a reflection on the events of the year 1666, which was marked by both political and natural disasters. The title, “Annus Mirabilis,” translates to “year of wonders,” and Dryden’s poem attempts to capture the remarkable nature of the events that took place during this tumultuous year.

The poem is structured into four parts, each consisting of quatrains that use a rhyming couplet. The first part describes the outbreak of the Second Anglo-Dutch War, which was fought between England and the Netherlands. The second part describes the Great Fire of London, which destroyed much of the city. The third part describes the heroic actions of the English navy, which won a significant victory over the Dutch. The fourth and final part of the poem describes the impact of the events of the year on the English people, who are left to reflect on their mortality and the transience of worldly things.

One of the notable features of Dryden’s poem is his use of imagery and symbolism. For example, in the second part of the poem, Dryden describes the fire as a “fiery deluge,” which evokes the image of a flood but with fire instead of water. This imagery conveys the destructive power of the fire and the chaos that it brought to the city. Similarly, in the third part of the poem, Dryden uses the symbol of the English navy as a representation of England itself, highlighting the strength and power of the nation.

Another significant aspect of the poem is Dryden’s use of language. His writing style is highly polished and employs rhetorical devices such as metaphors, similes, and personification to create vivid and powerful images. For example, in the second part of the poem, Dryden describes the fire as having a “throat of brass and adamantine lungs,” which personifies the fire and highlights its ferocity.

In conclusion, “Annus Mirabilis” is a powerful and evocative poem that reflects on the significant events of the year 1666. Dryden’s use of imagery, symbolism, and language make the poem a vivid and memorable reflection on the tumultuous events of that year, and it remains one of his most celebrated works.

Question 53

The Diary (over the Great Fire of London)Author, date, and analysis

Answer 53

Samuel Pepys’ diary entry on the Great Fire of London is an important historical document that provides a vivid and detailed account of the disaster. The excerpt of his diary entry dated September 2, 1666, describes the start of the fire and its initial progress.

Pepys’ description of the fire as a “most malicious bloody flame” is particularly striking, as it conveys the sense of anger and aggression that he felt towards the destructive force that was engulfing the city. He goes on to describe how the fire spread rapidly, fanned by a strong wind, and how it was able to jump from building to building, quickly consuming entire neighborhoods.

The diary entry is also notable for its personal tone, as Pepys writes about his own efforts to protect his belongings and his home. He describes how he ordered his possessions to be packed up and sent to a safer location, and how he watched nervously as the fire approached his own street.

At the same time, Pepys’ account highlights the efforts of others to contain and extinguish the fire. He describes the bravery of the firefighters and the Londoners who worked tirelessly to prevent the fire from spreading even further.

Overall, Pepys’ diary entry on the Great Fire of London provides an important perspective on the disaster, both as a historical event and as a personal experience. It captures the fear, desperation, and determination of the people who lived through the catastrophe, and reminds us of the power and unpredictability of natural disasters.

Question 54

A Narrative of the CaptivityAuthor, date, and analysis

Answer 54

“A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson” is a first-person account of the English colonist Mary Rowlandson’s experience of being taken captive by Native Americans during King Philip’s War in 1676. Through her narrative, Rowlandson not only describes the physical and emotional trauma she experienced during her eleven-week captivity but also provides insight into the cultural differences between the English colonizers and the Native Americans.

Rowlandson’s narrative is a blend of personal experiences and religious reflections. She regularly cites biblical verses and uses them to draw parallels between her situation and those in the Bible who have faced adversity. This shows how her Puritan faith provided a framework for her to interpret and understand her experiences. The narrative can be seen as an example of the Puritan tradition of spiritual autobiographies, in which the author uses their personal experiences to illustrate their relationship with God.

Furthermore, the narrative shows the complexity of relations between the English colonizers and the Native Americans. While Rowlandson initially sees the Native Americans as barbaric and uncivilized, she gradually comes to understand their culture and way of life. This is particularly evident in her interactions with the Native American women, who show her kindness and care during her captivity. Rowlandson’s portrayal of the Native Americans is not entirely negative, nor is it entirely positive, highlighting the complexity of

Question 55

Oroonoko Author, date, and analysis

Answer 55

Aphra Behn’s Oroonoko is a novel that explores themes of colonialism, race, gender, and power. The story follows the life of Oroonoko, a royal African prince who is enslaved and taken to the British colony of Surinam. The novel is known for its sympathetic portrayal of Oroonoko and its critique of the brutal treatment of slaves by the colonizers.

One of the main themes in the novel is the power dynamic between the colonizers and the colonized. Behn portrays the colonizers as ruthless and greedy, with little regard for the humanity of the slaves. The novel depicts the brutal treatment of the slaves, including Oroonoko, who is whipped and castrated after attempting to escape. Behn also highlights the hypocrisy of the colonizers, who claim to be Christian and civilized, yet engage in savage acts of violence and cruelty.

Another theme in the novel is the intersection of race and gender. Behn explores the ways in which women, both white and black, are oppressed by the patriarchy. Imoinda, Oroonoko’s lover and later wife, is depicted as intelligent and capable, yet she is still subject to the power dynamics of race and gender. She is eventually sold into slavery and suffers a brutal fate.

Finally, Oroonoko also explores the theme of identity and the complexities of cultural exchange. Oroonoko, as an African prince, struggles to reconcile his own cultural identity with the demands of his captors. He is forced to adopt the customs and language of the British colonizers, yet he remains fiercely loyal to his African heritage.

Overall, Oroonoko is a novel that challenges the power dynamics of colonialism and exposes the hypocrisy and brutality of the colonizers. It explores complex themes of race, gender, power, and identity, making it a significant work of early colonial literature.

Question 56

from Two Treatises Author, date, and analysis

Answer 56

John Locke’s Two Treatises of Government is a significant work that puts forward the idea of natural rights and the social contract theory of government. One of the key arguments in the Second Treatise is the idea that individuals possess certain inherent rights, including the right to life, liberty, and property.

In chapter 5 of the Second Treatise, Locke examines the concept of property and how it can be acquired. He argues that property can be acquired through labor, and that an individual’s labor is an extension of their personhood. Thus, when a person labors to cultivate land or transform raw materials into finished goods, they are exerting themselves in a way that creates a property right.

Locke also discusses the idea of the commons, which he defines as “a gift of nature” that is meant to be used and enjoyed by all. However, he argues that the commons are subject to the law of nature, which dictates that individuals must not take more than they need, and must not waste or spoil what they take.

Overall, Locke’s argument in the Two Treatises is that individuals possess certain inherent rights that cannot be taken away by a monarch or government. He argues that these rights are based on natural law, and that government is only legitimate if it is based on the consent of the governed. This idea of the social contract theory of government is a central concept in modern political philosophy and has influenced many subsequent thinkers and political movements.

Question 57

“A Modest Proposal” Author, date, and analysis

Answer 57

Jonathan Swift’s “A Modest Proposal” is a satirical essay that offers a seemingly serious solution to the problem of poverty in Ireland. The essay begins with a dry and objective tone, which gradually gives way to Swift’s true intentions, as he proposes a shocking and morally repugnant solution: that the Irish should sell their children as food to the wealthy.

The essay is an extended argument, supported by vivid and grotesque details that serve to emphasize the absurdity of the proposal. Swift draws on a range of rhetorical devices, including irony, hyperbole, and sarcasm, to satirize the attitudes and behaviors of the ruling class, who he sees as indifferent to the plight of the Irish poor. He portrays them as calculating and heartless, more concerned with their own interests than with the welfare of their fellow citizens.

One of the most striking aspects of the essay is Swift’s use of the first-person point of view, which creates the illusion that he is making the proposal sincerely, rather than satirically. This technique adds to the shock value of the essay, as readers are forced to confront the implications of Swift’s proposal and question their own moral and ethical beliefs.

Swift’s essay is a powerful critique of the social and economic conditions of his time, and his satire has continued to resonate with readers across the centuries. The essay challenges us to think critically about the relationship between the ruling class and the poor, and to consider the ethical implications of policies that prioritize profit over human dignity. By using shocking and extreme imagery to make his point, Swift encourages us to confront uncomfortable truths about our own society and to work towards a more just and equitable world.

Question 58

from An Essay on Man Author, date, and analysis

Answer 58

Alexander Pope’s poem “An Essay on Man” is a philosophical work that explores human nature and the role of humanity in the world. In the excerpt from the poem, Pope focuses on the idea of the universe being a harmonious and interconnected system.

Pope begins by stating that everything in the universe has a purpose and a place within the greater scheme of things. He argues that there is a divine order to the universe, and that everything is interconnected and interdependent. He emphasizes the importance of understanding our place in the universe, and of recognizing that we are just one small part of a larger whole.

Pope also addresses the issue of human nature, arguing that we are limited in our understanding and abilities, and that we should be humble in the face of the vastness of the universe. He suggests that we should not try to exceed our limitations, but instead should accept our place in the world and strive to live in harmony with it.

In addition, Pope emphasizes the importance of reason and rationality in understanding the world. He argues that through reason, we can come to understand the natural laws that govern the universe, and that this knowledge can help us to live in accordance with those laws.

Overall, Pope’s “An Essay on Man” encourages readers to see themselves as part of a larger system and to strive to live in harmony with that system. It emphasizes the importance of humility, reason, and understanding in achieving this goal.

Question 59

from Turkey Embassy Letters Author, date, and analysis

Answer 59

Lady Mary Wortley Montagu’s “Turkey Embassy Letters” is a collection of letters written during her travels with her husband on a diplomatic mission to Constantinople in the early 18th century. In this essay, I will analyze one of the letters, Letter XLII, in which Montagu describes the Turkish practice of inoculation against smallpox.

Montagu writes in a conversational tone, addressing a female friend in England. She describes her observations of Turkish women who had been inoculated against smallpox, noting that they did not suffer from the same severe symptoms as those who contracted the disease naturally. She also describes the process of inoculation, which involves inserting a small amount of smallpox pus into a small incision in the skin. Montagu notes that although the procedure has risks, the benefits of preventing smallpox outweigh them.

One of the most interesting aspects of Montagu’s letter is her comparison of the Turkish practice of inoculation to the English practice of variolation, which was a precursor to vaccination. Montagu notes that the English method involved using smallpox pus from a human host, while the Turkish method used the pus from cows. She also notes that the English method was performed by doctors, while the Turkish method was performed by women who had learned the procedure from their mothers. Montagu seems to prefer the Turkish method, which she describes as more gentle and less risky than the English method.

Overall, Montagu’s letter provides a fascinating glimpse into a medical practice that was not widely known or accepted in Europe at the time. Her descriptions of the Turkish women who had been inoculated and the procedure itself are vivid and engaging, and her comparison of the Turkish and English methods adds an interesting perspective to the discussion. Montagu’s letter also demonstrates her open-mindedness and willingness to learn from different cultures, which was relatively uncommon among European travelers at the time.

Question 60

“The Lady’s Dressing Room” Author, date, and analysis

Answer 60

Jonathan Swift’s poem “The Lady’s Dressing Room” is a satirical work that criticizes the vanity and superficiality of women, particularly their obsession with appearance. The poem depicts the discovery of a young man, Strephon, in the dressing room of a woman named Celia. Through Strephon’s exploration of the room, the poem exposes the ugly reality of female beauty rituals and the hypocrisy of women who strive for perfection.

The poem opens with Strephon’s admiration of Celia’s beauty and his curiosity about the contents of her dressing room. However, his search for perfection is quickly shattered as he discovers the unflattering reality of Celia’s beauty regime. He finds dirty petticoats, stained stockings, and unmentionable items that are not fit for a lady’s boudoir. The poem then takes a scathing turn as Swift describes the disgust Strephon feels when he discovers the horrors of Celia’s bathroom, which includes a chamber pot and a sponge used to clean her genitalia. This subversion of the idealized female beauty standard is used to highlight the idea that women are not perfect and that their desire for perfection is often rooted in superficiality.

Swift uses satire to criticize the societal expectations placed on women, particularly the pressure to maintain a perfect appearance. He argues that women are often forced to sacrifice their comfort and dignity to achieve societal standards of beauty. This is evident in the poem’s depiction of the uncomfortable and often painful beauty rituals that women undertake, such as corsets and uncomfortable shoes. Swift also highlights the hypocrisy of society, which demands that women appear perfect, while simultaneously condemning them for their vanity.

In conclusion, “The Lady’s Dressing Room” is a biting satire that critiques societal expectations of female beauty and the hypocrisy of those who demand it. Swift uses Strephon’s discovery to expose the ugliness that lies beneath the surface of the idealized female beauty standard. The poem challenges readers to question their own expectations and perceptions of beauty, and to recognize the harm that these unrealistic standards can cause.

Question 61

“The Reasons that Induced Dr. Swift Author, date, and analysis

Answer 61

In “The Reasons that Induced Dr. Swift,” Lady Mary Wortley Montagu writes a response to Jonathan Swift’s poem “The Lady’s Dressing Room.” She begins by acknowledging the wit and talent of Swift, but takes issue with his portrayal of women and his assumption of male superiority.

Wortley Montagu criticizes Swift for presenting a narrow view of women as vain and foolish creatures who are obsessed with their appearance. She argues that women are capable of much more than their external beauty and should be valued for their intelligence, wit, and accomplishments.

Wortley Montagu also challenges Swift’s belief in male superiority by pointing out that women are just as capable as men in many areas, including literature and politics. She notes that many women have achieved great success in these fields despite the obstacles they face.

Throughout her essay, Wortley Montagu emphasizes the importance of education and intellectual growth for women. She argues that if women were given the same opportunities as men, they could achieve great things and make valuable contributions to society.

In “The Reasons that Induced Dr. Swift,” Wortley Montagu not only criticizes Swift’s views on women, but also presents a vision of female empowerment and equality. Her arguments for the value of education and intellectual growth for women are still relevant today and have inspired generations of feminist thinkers.

Question 62

Fantomina Author, date, and analysis

Answer 62

“Fantomina” is a novella by Eliza Haywood, published in 1725, which tells the story of a young woman who adopts various identities to seduce a young man named Beauplaisir. Through the story, Haywood explores themes of gender roles, power dynamics, and the blurred lines between reality and fantasy.

The novella is structured in a series of four separate encounters between Fantomina and Beauplaisir, each time with Fantomina adopting a different persona to seduce him. Initially, Fantomina poses as a prostitute named Celia, who catches the eye of Beauplaisir at a theater. She then becomes a widow named Mrs. Bloomer and later a servant named Incognita. In each guise, she uses her intelligence and wit to entice Beauplaisir and indulge in sexual fantasies with him.

Haywood’s use of multiple personas highlights the fluidity of gender roles and the power dynamics between men and women. Through her various identities, Fantomina is able to manipulate and control Beauplaisir, reversing the traditional gender roles. Furthermore, Haywood suggests that power is not always inherent to the person but can be attained through strategic social positioning.

The novella also explores the relationship between reality and fantasy, blurring the lines between the two. Through her personas, Fantomina is able to create her own reality and indulge in her fantasies, highlighting the power of imagination. However, she also faces consequences when her true identity is revealed, suggesting that fantasy cannot always shield one from reality.

In conclusion, Haywood’s “Fantomina” is a thought-provoking exploration of gender roles, power dynamics, and the relationship between reality and fantasy. By using multiple personas, Haywood challenges traditional notions of power and gender, while also highlighting the power of imagination and the blurred lines between reality and fantasy.

Question 63

Rambler No. 4 Author, date, and analysis

Answer 63

“Rambler No. 4” is an essay written by Samuel Johnson, published in 1750 in a series of 208 essays called “The Rambler.” This essay discusses the importance of education, particularly of women, and criticizes the society of the time for not providing adequate education to women.

Johnson argues that women, like men, are capable of rational thought and therefore should be educated. He goes on to suggest that education is not only beneficial for women themselves, but also for society as a whole. He points out that educated women can raise educated and virtuous children, which in turn will lead to a better society.

However, Johnson notes that society has failed to provide adequate education to women. He criticizes the notion that women should only be educated in the domestic arts, arguing that this view only perpetuates their ignorance and keeps them subservient to men. Johnson believes that women should be given access to the same education as men, including learning languages, history, and philosophy.

One of the key points of the essay is the argument that education will not change women’s natural abilities or roles, but rather enhance them. Johnson states that women are not inherently inferior to men, but rather have been kept in a state of ignorance by society. He also points out that education can prevent women from being taken advantage of by men, as educated women will be able to recognize and resist unfair treatment.

Overall, “Rambler No. 4” is a powerful essay that advocates for gender equality in education. It remains relevant today, as many societies continue to struggle with providing equal access to education for women.

Question 64

Idler NO. 31 Author, date, and analysis

Answer 64

Idler No. 31 is an essay by Samuel Johnson published on October 28, 1758, in The Idler. The essay discusses the theme of ambition and how it affects people’s lives. Johnson argues that ambition is a natural human impulse, but it should be kept in check, as excessive ambition can lead to negative consequences.

The essay opens with Johnson describing ambition as “an uneasy passion” that drives people to pursue goals and achieve success. He notes that ambition can be a positive force, inspiring people to accomplish great things, but it can also be dangerous when it is allowed to run unchecked.

Johnson gives several examples of how ambition can lead to negative consequences. He describes a man who becomes so obsessed with his ambitions that he neglects his family and friends, becoming isolated and unhappy. He also notes that ambitious people can become so focused on their goals that they become blind to the needs and desires of others, causing them to act unethically or unfairly.

Despite these dangers, Johnson does not advocate for the complete suppression of ambition. Instead, he argues that ambition should be tempered with reason and self-awareness. He suggests that individuals should consider the potential consequences of their actions and weigh their ambitions against their other priorities and responsibilities.

Johnson concludes the essay by cautioning readers against the temptations of excessive ambition, reminding them that “there is a point beyond which our thoughts cannot extend, and from which the eye of the mind returns wearied with gazing.” He urges readers to find a balance between their desires and their obligations, reminding them that true happiness lies in living a virtuous and contented life.

Overall, Idler No. 31 is a thoughtful and insightful essay that explores the theme of ambition and its effects on individuals and society. Johnson’s nuanced approach to the topic offers a balanced perspective, highlighting the potential benefits and pitfalls of ambition while urging readers to exercise caution and self-awareness in pursuing their goals.

Question 65

“An Apology for Printers” Author, date, and analysis

Answer 65

“An Apology for Printers” is an essay written by Benjamin Franklin in 1731. The essay serves as a defense of printers and their freedom of the press, arguing that they should not be held responsible for the content they publish. Franklin believed that the responsibility for the content should lie with the author rather than the printer.

The essay opens with Franklin presenting the argument that printers should not be held accountable for the content they publish. He argues that a printer’s job is simply to print what is given to them, and that it is not their responsibility to censor or alter the content. He also asserts that if printers were held responsible for the content, it would result in a significant limitation of the freedom of the press, which he believed was essential to the functioning of a democratic society.

Throughout the essay, Franklin draws on historical examples to support his argument. He cites the example of Socrates, who was punished for his ideas rather than the individuals who spread them. He also references the English Civil War, which he argues was fought in part to protect the freedom of the press. Franklin argues that the freedom of the press is essential to a democratic society, as it allows for the exchange of ideas and the ability to hold those in power accountable.

Franklin also addresses the issue of libel, arguing that it is not the printer’s responsibility to determine whether or not something is libelous. He believed that it was the job of the courts to determine whether or not something was libelous, and that the printer should not be held responsible.

Overall, “An Apology for Printers” is an argument in favor of the freedom of the press and the importance of protecting the rights of printers to publish without fear of censorship or punishment. It highlights the importance of open and free exchange of ideas in a democratic society, and argues that printers should not be held responsible for the content they publish.

Question 66

“On imagination” “To SM, a young african painter” “On being Brought to America”
Author, date, and analysis

Answer 66

Phillis Wheatley was a prominent African American poet of the 18th century, who was born in West Africa and sold into slavery at the age of seven. Despite her circumstances, she was educated by her owners and went on to become the first African American woman to publish a book of poetry in English. Three of her notable works are “On Imagination,” “To SM, a young African painter,” and “On being Brought to America.”

In “On Imagination,” Wheatley explores the concept of imagination as a source of creativity and inspiration. She celebrates the power of imagination to transcend physical limitations and to transport individuals to new and wondrous places. Through her use of vivid imagery and metaphor, Wheatley suggests that imagination is a necessary component of artistic expression and that it has the ability to unite people across cultural and societal boundaries.

“To SM, a young African painter” is a tribute to an enslaved painter, whom Wheatley knew and admired. In the poem, Wheatley acknowledges the painter’s talent and expresses her hope that he will one day be recognized for his artistic abilities. She also reflects on the limitations that slavery places on individuals, preventing them from realizing their full potential. Through her admiration of the painter and her criticism of the institution of slavery, Wheatley highlights the humanity and dignity of enslaved individuals and emphasizes the need for equality and freedom.

In “On being Brought to America,” Wheatley reflects on her own journey from West Africa to America and the experiences she had as a slave. Through her use of religious imagery and language, Wheatley suggests that her journey to America was part of God’s plan for her life, and that it ultimately allowed her to discover her true purpose as a writer and poet. Despite the horrors of slavery and the discrimination she faced, Wheatley maintains a sense of hope and gratitude for the opportunities she was given in America.

Overall, Wheatley’s poetry reflects her experiences as an enslaved individual in colonial America, while also celebrating the power of art and imagination to transcend physical and societal limitations. Her works continue to be celebrated for their insights into the experiences of African Americans in the 18th century, as well as for their contributions to American literature and culture.

Question 67

from The Interesting Narrative Author, date, and analysis

Answer 67

Olaudah Equiano’s The Interesting Narrative is an autobiographical account of his life as an enslaved African who was taken from his homeland and transported to the New World. The excerpt chosen for analysis is from Chapter Two, where Equiano describes the horrors of the Middle Passage.

In this excerpt, Equiano vividly describes the appalling conditions aboard the slave ship. He describes how the slaves were crowded together in the hold of the ship and were forced to lie down in a space so small that they could not turn over or sit up. The air was foul, and the stench of the slaves’ vomit and excrement was overwhelming. The slaves were chained together and had little or no access to food or water. Many of them were sick and dying, and their bodies were thrown overboard.

Equiano’s narrative is powerful because it gives readers a first-hand account of the brutality and dehumanization that characterized the transatlantic slave trade. Through his vivid descriptions, he humanizes the enslaved Africans and exposes the inhumanity of their treatment. He shows how they were treated as little more than cargo and subjected to unspeakable cruelty and abuse.

At the same time, Equiano’s narrative is also a testament to the resilience and strength of the human spirit. Despite the terrible conditions aboard the ship, Equiano and his fellow slaves found ways to survive and maintain their dignity. They formed close bonds with each other and drew strength from their shared experiences. Equiano’s narrative is a testament to the human capacity for endurance and hope even in the most dire circumstances.

Overall, Equiano’s The Interesting Narrative is a powerful critique of the slave trade and a moving testament to the resilience of the human spirit. Through his vivid descriptions and personal testimony, he forces readers to confront the horrors of the slave trade and to recognize the humanity of those who were enslaved. His narrative is a powerful reminder of the importance of bearing witness to the injustices of the past in order to build a more just and equitable future.

Question 68

compare and contrast the thinking of Johnson in Idler NO. 31 to franklin in “authobiography”

Answer 68

Both Samuel Johnson’s Idler No. 31 and Benjamin Franklin’s Autobiography explore the idea of self-improvement and offer advice on how to achieve success. However, they have different perspectives and approaches towards the topic.

In Idler No. 31, Johnson emphasizes the importance of maintaining a balance between the pursuit of wealth and the pursuit of happiness. He warns against the dangers of becoming too focused on material possessions and neglecting one’s personal relationships and emotional wellbeing. Johnson argues that true happiness comes from living a virtuous life, being content with one’s circumstances, and cultivating meaningful connections with others.

On the other hand, Franklin’s Autobiography is more focused on practical advice for achieving success in business and personal life. He outlines a clear path to success, emphasizing the importance of hard work, self-discipline, and perseverance. Franklin advocates for continuous self-improvement and personal development, constantly striving to improve one’s knowledge and skills.

While both authors stress the importance of education and self-improvement, Franklin’s approach is more systematic and pragmatic, whereas Johnson’s focus is more philosophical and reflective. Johnson’s advice centers around achieving a sense of balance and contentment in life, whereas Franklin’s is more focused on acquiring practical skills and knowledge.

In conclusion, while both Johnson and Franklin offer valuable insights on achieving success and self-improvement, their approaches differ in emphasis and scope. Johnson’s Idler No. 31 is more reflective and philosophical, advocating for a balanced approach to life, whereas Franklin’s Autobiography is more pragmatic, offering practical advice for achieving success in business and personal life.

Question 69

compare and contrast the thinkings of equiano to benjamin franklin in “autobiography”

Answer 69

Olaudah Equiano’s “The Interesting Narrative” and Benjamin Franklin’s “Autobiography” are two influential works of literature that provide insight into the lives of two notable figures during the 18th century. While Equiano and Franklin lived in different parts of the world and had vastly different experiences, there are some similarities and differences in their thinking that can be observed.

One key similarity between the two is their focus on education and self-improvement. Equiano and Franklin both saw the value in educating themselves and improving their social status. Equiano learned to read and write, which helped him to gain knowledge and eventually buy his freedom. Franklin also valued education and was a self-taught man who constantly sought to better himself through reading and self-improvement. Both Equiano and Franklin believed that hard work and determination could lead to personal success.

Another similarity between the two is their criticism of slavery. Equiano was born into slavery in West Africa and was eventually sold to European slave traders. He was able to buy his freedom and became an advocate for the abolition of slavery. Franklin also criticized slavery and became an outspoken opponent of the institution. Both men saw the hypocrisy in owning other human beings and worked to bring about change.

However, there are also some notable differences between the two. One key difference is their approach to religion. Equiano was a devout Christian and frequently referenced his faith in his writing. Franklin, on the other hand, was more skeptical of organized religion and focused on the practical aspects of life.

Another difference is their approach to social status. While both Equiano and Franklin sought to better themselves, their goals differed. Equiano was focused on achieving social equality and breaking free from the constraints of slavery. Franklin, on the other hand, was focused on achieving social mobility and advancing up the social ladder.

In conclusion, while Equiano and Franklin were both influential figures during the 18th century, their experiences and perspectives differed in several ways. Both men valued education and criticized slavery, but had different approaches to religion and social status.