Hirsch - Brain Structure Flashcards
Navigating the body
rostral caudal dorsal ventral medial lateral
rostral
anterior
towards the nose
caudal
posterior
towards the tail or rear
dorsal
superficial
towards the back
ventral
inferior
towards the belly
medial
towards the midline
lateral
towards the side
Nervous system
CNS
PNS
CNS
cerebrum
cerebellum
brainstem
spinal cord
PNS
somatic
visceral
somatic
voluntary
visceral
autonomic
ex. organs
Gross Anatomical appearance of the brain
know anterior, posterior, dorsal, ventral, lateral (right/left) views of a brain
non-neural trappings of the brain - connective tissues
dura mater
arachnoid
pia mater
ventricles
dura mater
hard mother
leathery membrane
exterior anchored to cranium / interior to the pia
pia mater
soft mother
film
capillaries nourish the brain - meet metabolic demand of brain
arachnoid
spidery
network between dura and pia; attached to dura one side and pia on another side
- sub arachnoid space (between pia and arachnoid) is filled with cerebro-spinal fluid which is a shock absorber
ventricles
brain spaces filled with cerebral spinal fluid
Divisions of the Central Nervous System
Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain
Spinal cord
Forebrain
prosencephalon
midbrain
mesencephalon
hindbrain
rhombencephalon
prosencephalon
telencephalon
diencephalon
mesencephalon
Mesencephalon
rhombencephalon
metencephalon
myelencephalon
telencephalon
cerebral cortex
basal ganglia
etc
diencephalon
thalamus
hypothalamus
etc
mesencephalon
tectum
etc.
metencephalon
cerebellum
pons
etc
myelencephalon
medulla oblongata
etc
cerebral cortex
hemisphere lobe cortex gyrus sulcus fissure
Hemisphere
right and left hemisphere
lobe
chunk of cortex
divided by deep groove
cortex
layers
cerebral cortex = neocortex, archicortex, paleocortex
gyrus
ridge
sulcus
groove, valley
fissure
deep sulcus
Surface anatomy - lateral view
- know names with picture
(clockwise) temporal lobe brain stem cerebellum occipital lobe calcarine sulcus (or fissure) parietal lobe central sulcus frontal lobe lateral sulcus (or fissure) temporal lobe
Surface anatomy - medial view
- know names with picture
(clockwise, spiral- out to in) medulla pons temporal lobe frontal lobe parietal lobe occipitallobe cerebellum midbrain hypothalamus corpus callosum thalamus
brain tissue
grey matter white matter nuclei fascicles penduncles
grey matter
cell bodies
white matter
myelinated axons (fibers); fatty sheet
nuclei
roughly circumscribed groups of cell bodies
fascicles
bundle of fibers
peduncles
thick bundles of fibers connecting big parts of the brain to other big parts of the brain
three orthogonal planes of a brain
coronal - crown; front and back
horizontal - looking to the horizon; up and down
sagittal; right and left
Horsley-Clarke stereotaxic apparatus
use landmarks on the skull serve as reference points
latero-lateral (x) - sagittal
dorso-ventral (y) - coronal
rostro-caudal (z) - horizontal
Talairach coordinate system
conceptually similar to the Horsley - Clarke system
Localization of function
started as Phrenology - not true
Phineas Gage
frontal lobe damage
Broca
patient could not speak
utter one word “tan”
inferior frontal lobe
Wernicke
superior temporal lobe
loss of ability to recognize words; unable to communicate
motor homunculus
map of the body laid out over a specific region of the brain
Brodmann
cytoarchitecture
different Brodmann areas correlate with different functions
