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Neurobiology > Hirsch - Basal Ganglia > Flashcards

Hirsch - Basal Ganglia Flashcards

1
Q

Gross Anatomy of the Basal Ganglia

(draw and label)

A

striatum: caudate and putamen

Globus pallidus (palladium): pars externa and pars interna

substania nigra: pars compacta and pars reticulata

VA/VL complex of thalamus

Subthalamic nuclei

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2
Q

striatum

  • know location
A

caudate and putamen

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3
Q

globus pallidus (palladium)

  • know location
A

pars externa and pars interna

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4
Q

substania nigra

  • know location
A

pars compacta and pars reticulata

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5
Q

structure of caudate, putamen, and pallidum

A

caudate is a round/circle outside

larger portion right inside is putamen

inner core there is a pallidum

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6
Q

medium spiny neurons have —– targets

A

medium spiny neurons have 3 targets

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7
Q

medium spiny neuron body locates in –(2)– and targets —(3)—

A

caudate - > internal globus pallidus

caudate -> substantia nigra pars retinulata

putamen -> internal globus pallidus

putamen -> external globus pallidus

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8
Q

dopaminergic neurons excite —- inhibit—–

A

dopaminergic neurons excite medium spiny cells and inhibit others

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9
Q

medium spiny neurons receive —-

A

medium spiny neurons receive many excitatory cortical inputs

each input contribute little

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10
Q

medium spiny neurons are silent unless…

A

medium spiny neurons are silent unless excited

= gabergic

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11
Q

globus pallidus or substantia nigra pars retinulata

A

targets for medium spiny neurons

active unless inhibited

gabergic

medium spiny neurons wrap it aroundth

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12
Q

there is topographic representation of the body in the putamen

A

mapped with respect to the body and function

receive info from multimodal association cortices & frontal eye fields

receive info from somatosensory, visual, premotor, and motor cortices

discharge in anticipation of body movements

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13
Q

diverse function of basal ganglia

A

non motor loop: 1. executive/prefrontal loop 2. limbic loop (OCD related) 3. oculomotor loop

motor loop: upper motor neurons initiate and help coordinate voluntary movement 1. direct pathway (accelerate movement, huntingtons) 2. indirect pathway (brakes movement, parkinsons)

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14
Q

direct pathway

A

accelerate movement

dis-inhibit thalamus (upper motor neurons)

know what happens when switched on

link:

  1. cortex (glutamate excites)
  2. putamen (gaba inhibits)
  3. globus pallidus internal (gaba inhibits)
  4. VA/VL thalamus (glutamate excites)
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15
Q

direct pathway switch on

A

postive feedback

  1. cortex (glutamate excites)
  2. putamen (gaba inhibits)
  3. globus pallidus internal (gaba inhibits)
  4. VA/VL thalamus (glutamate excites)

* Know the diagram

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16
Q

indirect pathway

A

brakes movement

link:

  1. cortex (glutamate, excite)
  2. putamen (gaba, inhibit)
  3. globus pallidus external (gaba, inhibit)
  4. sub thalamus nucleous (glutamate, excite)
  5. globus pallidus internal (gaba inhibit)
  6. VA/VL thalamus (glutamate excite)

know the diagram when it is on

17
Q

direct and indirect pathways are regulated by…

A

dopamine

excites direct pathway (D1 receptor) ==> ultimately excites movement

inhibits the indirect pathway (D2 receptor) ==> ultimately excites movement

** Net excitatory effect

18
Q

dopamine synthesized in …

A

substantia nigra pars compacta

* medium spiny cells project to

  1. globus pallidus internal excited by dopamine via D1 receptor
  2. globus pallidus external inhibited by D2 receptor
19
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

caudate

putamen

globus pallidus

20
Q

Basal Ganglia (caudate, putamen, globus pallidus) : projection neurons are …

A

GABAergic (inhibitory)

cells in striatum (caudate, putamen) are usually silent

cells in globus pallidus are usually active

21
Q

cortex, thalamus, subthalamic nucleus: projection neurons are …

A

glutamatergic (excitatory)

22
Q

substantia nigra, pars compacta: projection neurons are…

A

dopaminergic

can excite (D1 direct pathway) or inhibit (D2 indirect pathway) the medium spiny neurons

23
Q

Hyperkinesia - increased movements

  • loss of subthalamic nucleus
A

hemiballismus

huntington’s disease

24
Q

hypokinesia - loss of substantia nigra pars compacta

A

parkinson’s disease

drug induced (neuroleptics, MPTP)

25
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

brady kinesia (hypokinesia)

rigidity

pill rolling tremor

* remove dopamine that excites direct pathway and inhibits indirect pathway

direct pathway will decrease

indirect pathway will increase

26
Q

Hemiballimus; lesion in indirect pathway (subthalamic nucleus)

A

activity in globus pallidus internal is reduced —> ultimately excites cortex

27
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

loss of striatal neurons

chromosome 4 mutation (huntingtin)

involuntary movement (chorea) difficulty

think through problems

depressed irritable mood

severe movement disorder

akinesia (can hear and understand but not speak)

28
Q

huntington’s disease is loss of

A

loss of putamen

which decrease inhibitation of globus pallidus external

ultimately increase in cortex activity

29
Q

therapies for parkinson’s

A

L-Dopa

Thalamotomy and Pallidotomy

Deep brain stimulation of subthalamic nucleus

Implantation of fetal dopaminergic neurons

optically gated ion channels in damaged regions

* no cure; surgical procedure sometimes works

Neurobiology (11 decks)

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