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Religions of the Globe > Hinduism and Islam > Flashcards

Hinduism and Islam Flashcards

ICA (2)

1
Q

What does the word ‘Islam’ mean?

A

“submission to God”; root meaning of word ‘slm’ means peace, safety, security

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2
Q

What does Muslim mean?

A

“person that submits to God”

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3
Q

When + where was Muhammad born?

A

570 CE in Mecca, Arabia

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4
Q

Muhammad facts

A
  • Tribe he’s from called Quraysh
  • His family were guardians of the kaaba in Mecca– hundreds of diff gods in kaaba **

-Died 632CE

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5
Q

When did Muhammad’s vision happen + what happened?

A

610 CE, during Ramadan he was doing lonely cave prayer, gets visited by Gabriel; tells Muhammad there’s only 1 God & that he’s now God’s messenger

  • Muhammad was illiterate– he recited God’s revelations aloud and it was written down in what’s now the Qur’an
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6
Q

Hijrah

A

622CE – Muhammad’s followers go from Mecca to Medina

  • sidenote: This date marks year 1 in Islamic calendar
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7
Q

Return to Mecca year?

A

630CE; Muhammad comes w/ massive army– Mecca immediately surrenders peacefully– Muhammad destroys false idols in Kaaba

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8
Q

What caused Sunni-Shia split?

A

Abu Bakr (Muhammad father-in-law) elected as first caliph

  • Sunni believe Abu Bakr was rightly elected
  • Shia believe Muhammad chose Ali (his son-in-law) as first caliph
  • Split violent; lead to Husayn (Ali’s son) being killed
  • Last 4 leaders referred to as Rightly Guided Caliphs; last 4 ever recognized by entire muslim population
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9
Q

Caliph

A

Successor

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10
Q

Sharia

A

Islamic Law

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11
Q

Accounts of Muhammad’s actions and words outside of the Quran

A

Hadith

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12
Q
  1. The Creed
A

No God but God; Muhammad is messenger of God - declaration of faith

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13
Q
  1. Salut (prayer)
A

Pray facing Mecca at specific time of day - obligatory prayer

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14
Q
  1. Sawm (fasting)
A

Fasting during month of Ramadan – during month that Muhammad had Quran revealed

(sunrise-sunset; follows lunar calendar)

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15
Q
  1. Hajj (pilgrimmage)
A

Visit Mecca during specific time of year, go to Kaaba and circle it counterclockwise 7 times to honor it (goal is at least once in a Muslim’s lifetime to visit it)

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16
Q
  1. Zakat (Almsgiving)
A

Give certain portion of income to charity (~2.5%) - compulsory giving

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17
Q

Prayer performed 5x/day

A

Salat

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18
Q

One who issues the call to prayer from the minaret of a mosque

A

Muezzin

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19
Q

(Islam) building for public community worship

A

Mosque

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20
Q

The holiday that celebrates Husayn’s martyrdom (Shia-specific)

A

Ashura

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21
Q

Scientific and Cultural Achievements:

A
  • Due to drawing ppl. banned ornate and creative caligraphy came about
  • Astronomy and geography huge development
  • Gardens and fountains developed in really cool ways
  • ** Philosophy; ‘Western Canon’ was preserved by Muslims during European Dark Ages
  • (Sufi-Specific) Quawwali; Sufi-devotional music that got popular even w non-Sufis; popular in Northern India
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22
Q

Not pork; ritually slaughtered in proper way (Islam)

A

Halal

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23
Q

Islamic mysticism

A

Sufism;

  • word came from woolly scarf or the term for ‘divine one’
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24
Q

Sufi term referring to a saint

A

Wali

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25
Q

Sufism notes:

A
  • Began as reform movement to counter material value + wealth accumulated by empire
  • Taught to experience god’s presence + abstinence
  • Emphasis on past sufis; people wld go to their burial sites to pray kinda like catholic saints
  • Song and dance rhythm incorporated into practices
  • Turkey had whirling dervishes; spinning to imitate divinely ordained motions of universe
26
Q

Person who practices self-discipline and abstention

A

Ascetic

27
Q

(1058-1111) practiced Sufism and wrote work known as ‘The Revivification of Religious Sciences’ and argued that mysticism and orthodoxy can be compatible

A

Al-Ghazi

28
Q

Indus Valley Civilization

A
  • Came into India ~1500 BCE; their merging resulted in Hinduism
  • Brought in caste system
  • Brought in ritual slaughter (ritual fire-sacrifices; goats; eagle-fire thing)
  • Brought in political system based on nomadic movement; cattle worship
29
Q

Ancient language of Hindus

A

Sanskrit

30
Q

Belief in one Universal soul

A

Brahman;
- formless, genderless source of all reality
-Brahman is the universe and all the material that makes up universe

31
Q

Belief in an immortal, individual soul

A
  • When you die, soul moves to new body
  • Kind of body soul inhabits next is called karma
32
Q

Soul in Hinduism

A

Atman

33
Q

What is karma?

A

Karma is action–
- Usually good or bad actions that affect society

  • our actions today affect our souls’ future
34
Q

Belief in Moksha

A
  • Goal in Hindu life is to get back to Brahman; if Hindu does this they’re freed from moksha aka cycle of life and death
  • Achieved via realizing yr one-ness w/ Brahman
35
Q

What are the Vedas?

A
  • Hindu books of secret knowledge (written in Sanskrit)
  • Four of them– divinely revealed to ancient Hindu sages
36
Q

What is dharma?

A

Proper behavior; maintains balance in universe– every being has its own dharma

  • For humans its based on caste
37
Q

The creator, swan, not commonly worshipped

A

Brahma

38
Q

Preserver, several avatars, bird, blue complexion on snake, incarnated nine times with one still to come

A

Vishnu

39
Q

God of intellect and remover of obstacles, rides mouse, son of Shiva and Parvati, elephant head

A

Ganesh

40
Q

A god and mythical king; a form of Vishnu, ramayana, wife sita; bravery, strength

A

Rama

41
Q

The monkey god - A noble hero and devotee of Lord Rama
-courage, hope, knowledge, intellect, and devotion
- holds a mace and has a picture of Lord Rama tattooed on his chest.

A

Hanuman

42
Q

A god associated with divine playfulness; a form of Vishnu, always carries flute, child and prankster, around cows for cowherding

A

Krishna

43
Q

goddess of time and death, portrayed as dark and violent, the goddess who was born of the forehead of Durga to kill demons; Shiva’s consort

A

kali

44
Q

mother goddess, god over evil, tiger, created from Shiva’s left half, god of retribution and justice, fiercer form of parvati, rides tiger

A

Durga

45
Q

God that the V-Shaped forehead symbol symbolizes

A

Vishnu

46
Q

God that 3-shaped horizontal lines symbolizes

A

Shiva

47
Q

Who’s symbolized by the dot symbol on forehead?

A

Goddesses

48
Q

What is Hindutva?

A

“Hinduness”; founded by V.D. Savarkrar; need ancestor blood in India and see India as fatherland (Right-wing)

49
Q

Involved in R.S.S and assassinated Gandhi

A

Godse

50
Q

WHPA

A

Vishwa Hindu Parishad of America

  • tries to change U.S. textbooks thru lobbying
51
Q

BJP

A

India People’s Party (rose to power)

-plays on middle-class desires and economic growth

  • Babri Masjid dispute (train violence); police step aside or actively participate– governor complicit – said governor (Shri Narendra Modi) now prime minister
52
Q

Whom do Hindutva consider their enemies?

A

Muslims and those w/ non-Indian blood

53
Q

Why do they dislike Gandhi?

A

Hindu nationalists have long resented Gandhi because they believe that he pioneered the appeasement of religious minorities.

54
Q

What were the ways that Hindutva gradually gained popularity and power in India?

A
  • Played on anti-Muslim rhetoric
  • R.S.S coming to villages; trained w/ youths— direct mimicry of European fascism
  • Modi (current India prime minister) played on middle-class issues to gain power while instilling tidbits of Hindutva rhetoric into his governing
55
Q

What are the goals of hindutva?

A

Asserting that Indian national identity and culture are inseparable from the religion of Hinduism

56
Q

A human-value ranking system based on your lineage; not about ‘class’ but about ‘purity’

A

Caste

57
Q

Top of caste system

A

Brahmin (priests)

58
Q

Second-place in caste system

A

Kshatriyas (warriors)

59
Q

Third-place in caste system

A

Vaisyas (Merchants)

60
Q

Fourth place in caste system

A

Sundra (Laborers)

61
Q

People who are excluded from caste system; seen as untouchable

A

Dalits (outcasts)

Religions of the Globe (3 decks)

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