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RG ST 3 > Hinduism > Flashcards

Hinduism Flashcards

1
Q

indus valley civilization

A
  • important element in the origins of Hinduism
  • arose 3000-2000 BCE
  • declined ~1600, arrival of Aryans
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2
Q

Proto-shiva

A
  • clay tablet that depicted man on dais, bull horns/face surrounded by animals
  • associations with yoga, lordship of animals suggests identifications with later gods
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3
Q

aryans

A
  • mobile, warlike people
  • sense of superiority over Indus
  • competed for resources
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4
Q

vedas

A
  • earliest sacred literature of hinduism
  • AKA shruti (“heard, revealed”)
  • 4 types of text:
    1. Samhinas (prayers)
    2. Brahmanas (instructions)
    3. Aranyakas (deeper meaning)
    4. Upanishads (understanding meaning)
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5
Q

Rishi

A
  • “seers”

- vedic poets who translated visions into sacred speech

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6
Q

Rig Veda

A

classic vedic text that contains collection of hymns

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7
Q

4 Castes (varnas)

A
  1. Brahmanas
    - priests
    - each family in charge of memorizing certain parts
    - in charge of sacrifices
  2. Kshatriyas
    - warriors
    - in charge of maintaining rita, governing
  3. Vaisha
    - merchants/agricultural farmers
  4. shudra
    - slaves, below the caste
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8
Q

soma

A
  • juices from plant of immortality (amrita) sacrificed to gods
  • gave people visions
  • fluid itself is referred to as a god
  • associated with the priestly caste
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9
Q

Agni

A
  • god of fire
  • receives offerings, conveys them to other gods
  • associated with priestly caste
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10
Q

Intra

A
  • associated with warrior caste
  • warrior, successful general
  • king of gods, thunder/lightning
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11
Q

varuna

A
  • god, keeper of divine order

- associated with priestly function

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12
Q

upanishads

A

general teachings:

  • subtle, eternal reality behind world
  • “atman” divine self, deepest level of a person
  • “brahman” absolute reality
  • everything has an essence, all the same god
  • discerned only through disciplined yoga/meditation in the forest
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13
Q

upanishads connotation

A

suggests that students go to guru, sit close to learn

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14
Q

who did the upanishads begin doubting?

A

the Brahmans and their expensive sacrifices

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15
Q

what did the upanishads do for sacrifices?

A

burning tapas (inner fire/agni); thought to burn off karma

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16
Q

maya

A

“illusions”

  • world of time, space, causation
  • upanishads believed the world was constructed of maya
17
Q

a world of maya…

A

means the person did not give up attachments to world, will be reborn and karma will continue

18
Q

Karma

A

circumstances of new birth are determined by karma

19
Q

samsara

A

the continuous wheel of birth and death, endless reincarnation

20
Q

moksha

A

liberation from samsara

21
Q

how do upanishads achieve moksha?

A

they must realize that the body is not the self

22
Q

the Four Aims of Life (purusharthas)

A
  1. dharma (virtue, duty, morality)
  2. kama (pleasure and love)
  3. artha ( wealth, prosperity)
  4. moksha
23
Q

why were the four aims of life created?

A

it was the Brahmanical response to the upanishads

24
Q

Four Stages of Life (ashramas)

A
  1. Student (brahamacharya)
    - live, study with a guru
  2. Householder (grihastha)
    - social and family duties
  3. forest dweller (vanaprastha)
    - retire to study, meditate
  4. renunciate (sannyasi)
    - complete withdrawal to pursue moksha
25
Q

bhakti

A
  • devotion
  • relationship with god, one love, adoration
  • usually theistic
26
Q

what are the different bhakti moods?

A
  • servant to master
  • friend to friend
  • parent to child
  • lover to beloved
27
Q

Bhagavad-gita

A
  • gita: most widely read scripture of Hindi tradition
  • song of the lord
  • contains small part of the Mahabharata
  • teaches devotion to god as a means of moksha
28
Q

Mahabharata

A
  • leader of Pandavas (vedic gods) loses kingdom to Kauravas (demons)in dice game
  • exile for 13 years
  • when they came back, Kauravas refused to return kingdom
29
Q

Krishna

A
  • prince from branch of Pandavas family
  • offers himself as charioteer to pandavas
  • becomes pandavas hero
30
Q

Arjuna

A
  • hero of the Mahabharata battle
  • gets anxiety before the battle, doesn;t want to kill friends or family
  • dramatic setting for Gita’s teachings
31
Q

Puja

A
  • personal worship

- way of expressing love and devotion to a certain deity

32
Q

Sannyasin

A
  • a person that completely withdraws from society in hopes of achieving moksha
  • last stage of ashrama
33
Q

adharma

A

anything against dharma

RG ST 3 (4 decks)

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