Highlight 16 - Childhood Obesity & the Early Development of Chronic Diseases Flashcards
When T2 diabetes develops before the age of 20, the incidence of what increases?
The incidence of diabetic kidney disease and death in middle age increases dramatically, largely because of the long duration of the disease
T2 diabetes is a chronic disease closely linked with _______.
obesity; Obesity is the most important risk factor for T2 diabetes
Early development of T2 diabetes is most likely to occur in those who:
- are obese
- are sedentary
- have a family history of diabetes
In T2 diabetes, the cells become ___________
insulin-resistant – that is, the cells become less sensitive to insulin, reducing the amount of glucose entering the cells from the blood
The combination of obesity and insulin-resistance produces a cluster of symptoms, including:
high blood cholesterol and high blood pressure. This promotes the development of atherosclerosis and the early development of heart disease
The complications of diabetes can shorten __________
life expectancy
Prevention and treatment of T2 diabetes depend on ____________, which can be particularly difficult.
weight management
Explain the formation of plaques in atherosclerosis.
- The coronary arteries deliver oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle (a healthy artery provides an open passage for the flow of blood)
- Plaques can begin to form in a person as young as 15 years
- When these arteries become blocked by plaque, the part of the muscle that they feed will die (plaques reduce blood blow. Clots can form, aggravating the problem)
What is atherosclerosis?
a type of artery disease characterized by plaques (accumulations of lipid-containing material) on the inner walls of the arteries
Atherosclerosis develops when regions of _________ become progressively thickened with _______
an artery’s walls; plaque
What is plaque?
Plaque is an accumulation of fatty deposits, smooth muscle cells, and fibrous connective tissue
How do fatty streaks influence the development of atherosclerosis?
Fatty streaks may begin to accumulate fibrous connective tissues which may begin to calcify, becoming raised lesions. As the lesions begin to grow, the heart disease rate begins to rise
As __________ rises, atherosclerosis worsens.
blood cholesterol
How does blood cholesterol increase?
Blood cholesterol tends to rise as dietary saturated fat intakes increase
Blood cholesterol correlates with ________
childhood obesity, especially abdominal obesity; LDL cholesterol rises and HDL declines
What does high blood pressure in children and adolescents signal?
High blood pressure may signal an underlying disease or the early onset of hypertension
Childhood hypertension, left untreated, can accelerate the development of ____________
athersclerosis
Research has confirmed an association between _________ and physical activity in children, similar to that seen in adults.
blood lipids
The benefits of physical activity include:
- better blood lipid profiles
- better weight management
- less smoking
- diet lower in saturated fats
For heart health, children should receive at least ___% and no more than ___% of total energy from fat, less than ___% from saturated fat, and less than ___mg of cholesterol per day
25%; 30%; 10%; 300mg
What foods contribute the essential fatty acids?
Nuts, vegetable oils, tuna, and salmon
Balanced meals need to provide:
- lean meat, poultry, fish, and legumes
- fruits and vegetables
- whole grain
- low-fat milk products
Why are balanced meals important for children?
Balanced meals can provide enough energy and nutrients to support growth and maintain blood cholesterol within a healthy range
__% of childhood smokers will die of smoking-related causes
50%
