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Block 3; Week 7 > Highison--Male Reproduction > Flashcards

Highison--Male Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What temperature is the scrotum at? How is this achieved?

A

35 degrees
outside of the central body
countercurrent heat exchange via pampiniform plexus

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2
Q

What are the 2 functions of the testis?

A

Endocrine Function–Steroidogenesis (Testosterone)

Exocrine Function–Gametogenesis (spermatozoa)

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3
Q

There is a space that separates the outer & the inner sections of the scrotum…what are the layers of the inner section? Outside–>Inside

A 
Space
Mesothelial Cells
Visceral Layer of Tunica Vaginalis
tunica albuginea (CT)
tunica vasculosa
Seminiferous Tubules
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4
Q

There is a space that separates the outer & the inner sections of the scrotum…what are the layers of the outer section? Outside–>Inside

A 
Epidermis of Scrotum
Probably Dermis (skin that contains hair, sebaceous glands, sweat glands)
Dartos Muscle
Colles' Fascia
Parietal Layer of Tunica Vaginalis
Mesothelial Cells
Space
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5
Q

What are the 2 types of epithelium in seminiferous tubules?

A

Spermatogenic Epithelium

Sertoli Cells

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6
Q

Starting @ epithelium & going to the outside…what are the layers?

A

Epithelium
Basement Membrane
CT sheath: w/ blood vessels, lymphatics, myoepithelial cells

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7
Q

What are the cells found in the interstitium b/w the seminiferous tubules?

A

Interstitial Cells

**Leydig cells–>testosterone

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8
Q

What is the state of seminiferous tubules before puberty?

A

solid in cross section, not yet the site of spermatogenesis.

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9
Q

Describe spermatogenesis.

A

occurs in waves in the seminiferous tubules, called cycles, can happen b/c of intercellular bridges

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10
Q

What are the 3 phase of spermatogenesis? How long does this process take in a human?

A

74 days
Phase I: Spermatocytogenesis
Phase II: Meiosis
Phase III: Spermiogenesis

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11
Q

Which 2 things are needed for testosterone production?

A

LH & prolactin

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12
Q

Which 2 things are needed for spermatogenesis?

A

FSH

Testosterone

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13
Q

Where do spermatogonia stem cells come from?

A

from the yolk sac

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14
Q

Primary spermatocyte goes to ____ _____ via ______. Primary spermatocytes are Haploid or diploid?

A

Primary spermatocyte goes to secondary spermatocyte via Meiosis I. Diploid.

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15
Q

Secondary Spermatocyte goes to ____ via ____. Secondary spermatocytes are Haploid or Diploid?

A

Secondary spermatocyte–>spermatids via Meisosis II. Haploid

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16
Q

What does spermiogenesis do?

A

It turns spermatids–>spermatozoa

**cytodifferentiation phase

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17
Q

What are the 3 morphological phases of spermiogenesis?

A

Golgi Phase
Cap Phase/Acrosomal Phase
Maturation Phase

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18
Q

In the cap phase/acrosomal phase–>what is formed? Which enzymes are used?

A 
acrosomal cap & acrosome
hyaluronidase
neuraminidase
acid phosphatase
proteases
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19
Q

What happens to the cell during the maturation phase?

A

nucleus is flattened
more mitochondria
elongation of the cell
loss of excess cytoplasm

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20
Q

Describe the mobility of the spermatozoa upon release by seminiferous tubules.

A

They are immobile.
Once they reach the epididymis they gain motility.
They can’t fertilize until they undergo capacitation in the oviducts. Their glycocalyx is replaced.

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21
Q

T/F All Sertoli cells are continuous.

A

TRUE, connected by jcnl complex.

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22
Q

Sertoli cells possess which receptors? Which process do they control?

A

Spermiogenesis, third phase of spermatogenesis

FSH receptors

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23
Q

Sertoli cells are the primary targets of which 2 hormones?

A

Testosterone

Androgens

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24
Q

The jcnl complexes b/w Sertoli cells create a barrier…what is the significance of this?

A

Blood-Testis Barrier

Adluminal & Basal compartments established

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25
Q

What are the functions of the blood-testis barrier?

A

protects against the autoimmune response

protects against drugs, toxic chemicals

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26
Q

What is the effect of FSH stimulating Sertoli cells?

A

It releases ABP & this concentrates the testosterone in the seminiferous tubules.

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27
Q

What are the things that are released from Sertoli cells?

A 
Inhibin
ABP
Anti-Mullerian hormone
Testicular Fluid
testicular Transferrin
Plasminogen Activator
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28
Q

Are Sertoli cells involved in phagocytosis?

A

yes, it phagocytizes excess material from spermatogenesis.

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29
Q

Anti-mullerian hormone gets rid of paramesonephric ducts. What does this prevent?

A

regression of female uterine tubes, uterus, upper vagina

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30
Q

The early sperm found in the basal compartment have how many chromosomes?

A

46 chromosomes

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31
Q

The early sperm found in the adluminal compartment have how many chromosomes?

A

23 chromosomes

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32
Q

What is the difference in the actions of Leydig cells for fetus, neonate, & teenager?

A

Fetus: testosterone secreted during the fetal period is responsible for the sexual differentiation of the male
neonate: At birth there are no Leydig cells.
Teenager: as soon as you get to puberty–>LH stimulation of Leydig/interstitial cells causes testosterone secretion–>secondary sexual characteristics.

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33
Q

What are the crystallized proteins found in Leydig cells? What does prolactin do to interstitial cells?

A

Crystals of Reinke

Prolactin–>steroidogenesis of interstitial cells…

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34
Q

What does testosterone do?

A 
causes spermiogenesis
causes male differentiation in utero
influences metabolism
affects libido
develops accessory glands
development of secondary sexual characteristics.
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35
Q

What does androgen binding protein do?

A

concentrates testosterone

localizes it in seminiferous tubules

36
Q

Which 3 hormones are essential for spermatogenesis?

A

FSH
LH
Testosterone

37
Q

What does FSH do for spermatogenesis?

A

synthesis of ABP by Sertoli cells

38
Q

What does LH do for spermatogenesis?

A

stimulates Leydig cells to make/secrete testosterone

39
Q

What does prolactin do for spermatogenesis?

A

accentuates the formation of testosterone by interstitial cells

40
Q

What exerts feedback inhibition on FSH? On LH?

A

Inhibin–>inhibits FSH

Testosterone–>inhibits LH

41
Q

Where does inhibin come from?

A

Sertoli Cells

42
Q

How many seminiferous tubules are in each lobule of the testis?

A

1 long one

43
Q

Where are the efferent ductules located? What is their function?

A

they are located b/w the rete testis & epididymis

**function: move sperm to the epididymis

44
Q

Where is the epididymis located? What is its function?

A

located b/w efferent ductules & vas deferens.

**function: storage site, helps w/ fluid reabsorption, secretes proteins that initiate motility, inhibits capacitation

45
Q

Describe the cross-sectional appearance of efferent ductules.

A
  • *luminal surface looks saw-toothed b/c of both short & tall columnar cells
  • *pseudostratified columnar cells w/ or w/o cilia.
46
Q

Aside from pseudo stratified (somewhat ciliated) columnar cells…what else is found in efferent ductules?

A

thin layer of circular smooth muscle

47
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the epididymis?

A

true pseudo stratified columnar epithelium

**has stereocilia

48
Q

What type of muscle is involved in the epididymis?

A

there are layers of circular smooth muscle

49
Q

What are the 2 main cell types in the epididymis? What are their functions?

A

Basal cells–>act as stem cells
Principal cells–>function in fluid reabsorption, secretes proteins that initiate motility, secretes glycerophosphocholine that inhibits capacitation

50
Q

What is the epithelium of the vas deferens like?

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium w/ stereocilia

51
Q

What is the LP like for the vas deferens?

A

LP w/ elastic fibers

52
Q

What is the muscular layer like w/ the vas deferens?

A

3 layers of smooth muscle:

ILMCOL

53
Q

Is the vas deferens covered w/ adventitia or serosa?

A

Adventitia

54
Q

What is the beginning of vas deferens? What is the end of the vas deferens?

A

Beginning of Vas Deferens: Epididymis

Ending of Vas Deferens: ejaculatory duct entering the prostatic urethra

55
Q

What is the mucosa like of the seminal vesicles?

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium
LP w/ elastic fibers
ICOL smooth muscle layers
adventitia

56
Q

How does the height of the pseudo stratified columnar epithelium of the seminal vesicles change?

A

the height varies w/ testosterone levels

57
Q

What percentage of the ejaculate is composed of stuff secreted from seminal vesicles?

A

70% of the ejaculate

58
Q

Describe the secretory product of the seminal vesicles.

A

yellowish b/c of a lipochrome pigment
high in fructose (energy for sperm)
prostaglandins

59
Q

Where does the prostate surround the urethra?

A

as the urethra exits the bladder…

60
Q

How can you view the prostate?

A

digital exam/PSA

61
Q

What is the histological hallmark of the prostate gland?

A

calcifications called corpora amylacea
these are prostatic concretions
**these calcifications increase w/ age

62
Q

Describe the makeup of the prostate gland.

A
  • simple or pseudostratified columnar epithleium
  • 30-50 tubuloalveolar glands in a fibromuscular (smooth muscle) stroma
  • this is covered in a fibroelastic capsule which penetrates the prostate gland & divides it into lobes.
63
Q

Describe the prostatic secretions.

A 
whitish thin fluid
rich in acid phosphatase
rich in citric acid
fibrinolysin in it helps liquefy the semen
pH=6.5
64
Q

What percentage of the ejaculate is composed of stuff from the prostate gland?

A

25% of the ejaculate

65
Q

Glands are arranged around the prostatic urethra in 3 concentric layers. What are they?

A

Closest to the prostatic urethra–>furthest
Mucosal
Submucosal
Main Prostatic Glands

66
Q

Where are the submucosal glands located?

A

peripheral to the mucosal glands

67
Q

Benign prostatic hyperplasia involves which glands? What is the incidence of this in men over 50? Men over 80?

A

mucosal & submucosal glands
Men over 50: 40% of men
Men over 80: 95% of men

68
Q

What are the results of having benign prostatic hyperplasia?

A

inability to begin & stop urine flow
nocturia
sensory urgency

69
Q

Where does prostatic carcinoma occur? What is the incidence of this in men over 75?

A

occurs in the main prostatic glands, in the posterior lobe

33% of men over 75.

70
Q

The prostatic urethra passes thru ________. Then it turns into the _____ urethra & finally the _______ urethra.

A

passes thru the UG diaphragm
membranous urethra
penile urethra

71
Q

Where are the bulbourethral glands? What types of glands are they? What do they contribute?

A

they are embedded in the UG diaphragm, near the prostatic urethra
empties into the penile urethra
**they are mucous looking glands (cleared out) & they contribute the pre-ejaculate

72
Q

Describe the structures of the penis (outside–>inside) starting @ the dorsal surface.

A

skin
superficial fascia
Dorsal:
deep dorsal vessels
2 cylinders of corpus cavernosum (surrounded by tunica albuginea CT sheath)
Ventral:
1 cylinder of erectile tissue around the penile urethra (surrounded by thin CT layer)

73
Q

How does the penile urethra stay open?

A

a lubricant that allows it to stay patent

74
Q

What is the basic structure of the penis?

A

3 spongy erectile tissue cylindrical bundles
it is covered by CT
it is covered w/ thin skin

75
Q

Describe the corpus cavernosum of the penis.

A

2 cylinders of erectile tissue on the dorsum of the penis

surrounded by thick CT: tunica albuginea

76
Q

Describe the corpus spongiosum of the penis.

A

this is a single ventral cylinder of erectile tissue
surrounds urethra (cavernosa urethra, penile urethra)
surrounded by thin CT (thin tunica albuginea)

77
Q

What is in the penile urethra?

A

a variety of epithelium & glands of Littre

78
Q

What is in the erectile tissue?

A

helicine arteries

endothelial cushions

79
Q

What are the 4 components of seminal fluid?

A
  1. bulbourethral gland adds lubricant
  2. prostate adds enzymes
  3. testicular ducts add sperm
  4. seminal vesicles add nutrients
80
Q

What are some important things to know about corpus spongiosum?

A

sheaths the penile urethra
forms glans penis
contains elastic fibers
less turgid in erection

81
Q

Usually, ejaculation consists of what volume? How many sperm? What is a normal rate of sperm per cc? What is an infertile rate of sperm per cc?

A

Normal Volume: 3 cc (300 million sperm)
Normal Rate: 50-100 million/cc
Sterile: less than 20 million/cc

82
Q

T/F If we control the height of the endothelial cushions, we control the height of helicon arteries in the erectile tissue.

A

TRUE

83
Q

Erection happens via which nerves? Explain how this happens.

A

parasympathetic response
release of NO causes smooth muscle relaxation
helicine arteries straighten out
endothelial cushions are lowered
increased blood flow
engorgement of erectile tissue (can’t go past TA)
compression of venous drainage

84
Q

Emission happens via which nerves? What is this?

A

sympathetic response

semen is moved thru the prostatic urethra

85
Q

Ejaculation happens via which nerves? How much is ejaculated? Which glands are fired?

A 
somatomotor response
3 cc
bulbourethral
prostate
seminiferous tubules
epididymis
seminal vesicles

Block 3; Week 7 (6 decks)

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