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Block 3 Week 6 > Highison Histo Endocrine > Flashcards

Highison Histo Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

(blank) is a substance (chemical messenger) released into either blood, lymph, or extracellular space which has a specific effect. In this sense, thought to be an extension of neural transmission

A

hormones

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2
Q

What are the 3 categories of hormones?

A

Steroids
Peptide
Amino Acid derivatives

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3
Q

What hormones are lipid soluble?

A

steroids and thyroid hormones

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4
Q

How do steroids and thryoid hormones work?

A

they diffuse through cell membrane into intracellular receptors to alter gene transcription or bind to surface receptors and mediate a response

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5
Q

How do protein and amino acid hormones work?

A

they are water soluble so cant cross membrane so they bind to surface receptors and act via second messengers such as cAMP cGMP Calcium and sodium

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6
Q

How do most hormones travel in the blood and what happens to them there?

A

they are bound to plasma proteins which renders them inactive

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7
Q

most hormones are in oversupply in the blood or in undersupply in the blood?

A

oversupply

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8
Q

What are the four types of hormonal secretions and how do they work?

A

autocrine (works on self cell)
paracrine (works on neighboring cell)
endocrine (travels through blood to different tissue)
Synaptic (neurotransmitters)

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9
Q

Does the pancreas have a portal system?

Does the kidney?

A

yes

yes

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10
Q

What are the three cell types in the islet of langerhan, what do they secrete and where do you find them?

A

A-> biggest, found on periphery, makes glucagon
B->most abundent,found in center, makes insulin
D-> scattered about, makes somatostatin

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11
Q

How does the acini get blood?

A

from the insuloacinar portals system and the acinar vascular system

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12
Q

What are the three minor cells types found in pancreatic islets?

A

PP cell -> pancreatic polypeptide (stimulates gastric chief cells)
D1 cell-> VIP (like glucagon, stimulates pancreatic exocrine secretion)
EC cell-> Secretin, motilin,Substance P (stimulates HCO3, increases motility, neurotransmitter properties)

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13
Q

What is the hypophysis and what does it do?

A

It is the pituitary gland and secretes 9 hormones

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14
Q

The hypothalamus is divided into 2 symmetrical halves by the (blank). It is limited rostrally (towards the front) by the (blank) and caudally by the (blank) and laterally by the (blank). and dorsolaterally by the (blank)

A 
third ventricle
optic chiasma
mamillary body
optic tracts
thalamus
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15
Q

What is the origin of the adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary gland)?

A

oral ectoderm (rathke’s pouch)

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16
Q

What are the three parts of the adenohypophysis?

A

1 pars tuberalis
2 pars distalis
3 pars intermedia

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17
Q

What is the origin of the neurohypophysis (posterior lobe)?

A

neural ectoderm

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18
Q

What are the 2 parts of the neurohypophysis?

A

1) infundibulum

2) par nervosa

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19
Q

Posterior part of the pituitary gland grows down from the brain. The first part of it is called (blank) and the bottom part is the (blank).

A

infundibilium

pars nervosa

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20
Q

Adenohypophysis is derived from oral ectoderm made up of 3 parts the first part is the (blank), the (blank) is the meat of the anterior pituitary and then the (blank) separates the anterior from the posterior lobe.

A

pars tuberalis
pars distals
pars intermedia

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21
Q

Describe the makeup of the adenohypophysis?

A

epithelial cells surrounded by extensive sinusoids

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22
Q

What are the four cell types identified in the adenohypophysis by histology stains?

A

acidophils
basophils
chromophobes
folliculostellate cell

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23
Q

What are the acidophilic cells of the adenohypophysis?

A

GH (somatotrophin)

Prolactin (mammotrophin)

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24
Q

What are the basophilic cells of the adenohypophysis?

A

FSH and LH (gonadotrophins)
TSH (thyrotroph)
ACTH (corticotroph)
MSH (by product)

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25
Q

What are the chromophobic cells of the adenohypophysis?

A

degranulated acidophils and basophils

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26
Q

What are the folliculostellate cells of the adenohypophysis?

A

cellular stroma

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27
Q

You can see five cells by immunocytochemistry in the adenohypophysis, what are they?

A

acidophils: somatotrophs, mammotrophs
basophils: corticotrophs, thyrotrophs, gonadotrophs

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28
Q

How does the adenohypophysis get blood?

A

Via hypothalamohypophysial portal system

there is no direct blood supply to the adenohypophysis
so instead it gets it indirectly via a hypophyseal portal vein that joins the primary capillary network in the infundibulum to the secondary capillary network in the pars distalis.

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29
Q

What is the significance of a portal system?

A

to slow things down to allow us to put things into it.

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30
Q

They hypophyseal portal system carriers (blank) from the hypothalamus to the pars distalis.

A

releasing factors

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31
Q

(blank) is not an endocrine gland but rather a storage site.

A

neurohypophysis

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32
Q

What is the neurohypophysis made up of?

A

unmyelinated axons and nerve endings of hypothalamic neurosecretory neurons

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33
Q

What is the neurohypophysis supported by?

A

pituicytes (glial-like cells)

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34
Q

What are pituicytes (glial-like cells) thought to do?

A

help in release of oxytocin and vasopressin into the perivascular space

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35
Q

In the neurohypophysis, there are swellings at distal ends of hypothalamohypophysial axons called (blank)

A

herring bodies

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36
Q

What are herring bodies?

A

site for storage of oxytocin and vasopressin

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37
Q

Where is oxytocin synthesized?

Where is ADH (vasopressin) synthesized?

A

paraventricular nucleus

supraoptic nucleus

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38
Q

How is ADH and oxtocin sent to the neurohypophyosis?

A

via the hypothalamoneurohypophysial tract with the carrier protein neurophysin. Hormones then enter pituitary through fenestrated capillaries derived from inferior hypophysial artery.

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39
Q

What is right above the optic chiasm?

A

the supraoptic nucleus

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40
Q

(blank) are synthesized in the hypothalamus as a hormone-neurphysin complex. This complex is then transported via the hypothalamohypophysial tract to the pars nervosa

A

2 hormones and neurophysin (protein carrier)

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41
Q

What does oxytocin do?

A

induces labor, controls pospartum bleeding, acts on myoepithelial cells for milk letdown reflex

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42
Q

(blank) occurs in the hypothalamic nuclei

A

crossover

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43
Q

What is the first endocrine gland to appear in embryonic development?

A

thyroid

44
Q

What does the thyroid gland produce?

A

T3 and T4

45
Q

What is the structure of the thyroid?

A

encapsulated/ connective tissue extending in to form lobules, structural unit= follicles, follicles lined with an epithelium surrounding a colloid lumen enclosed by a basal lamina

46
Q

What are the 2 cell types in the thryoid gland?

A

follicular cells

parafollicular cells

47
Q

Where is the origin of follicular cells and what do they do?

A

endoderm, target cells for TSH and produce thryoglobulin and T3/T4

48
Q

Where is the origin of parafollicular cells (C cells) and what do they do?

A

neural crest, produce calcitonin and target osteoclasts to decrease caclium level (rapid effect, peak at an hour)

49
Q

Follicular cell height depends upon (blank)

A

activity

50
Q

What do follicular cells do?

A

synthesize thryoglobulin
trap iodide
extracellular iodination of thyroglobulin
storage of iodinated thyroglobulin
uptake of thryoglobulin (controlled by TSH)
hydrolysis of 12 thyroglobulin to T3 and T4 (regulates tissue metabolism)
T3 and T4 cross placenta and are critical in early brain development

51
Q

What are the three phases of thyroid cells?

A

thyroglobulin synthesis
resting (storage phase)
thyroglobulin breakdown

52
Q

Where are parafolicular cells (c cells) located?

A

in clusters between follicles

53
Q

What is the embryonic origin of parafollicular cells and what are they a part of?

A

neural crest

diffuse neuro-endocrine syste, (DNES)

54
Q

Do parafollicular cells extend into the lumen?

A

no

55
Q

What all do parafollicular cells do?

A

decrease calcium
targets osteoclasts and reduces numbers and breakdown
promotes excretion of Calcium and phosphate from kidneys

56
Q

What is the embryonic origin of parathyroid gland? What are the 2 main cells of the parathyroid gland?

A

mesoderm

principal (chief cells) and oxyphil cells

57
Q

What doe prinicipal cells do?

A

secrete PTH which increase calcium levels, binds to osteoblasts which stimulats osteoclast resorption, they are pale and small cells with slow long term effects that peak in several hours

58
Q

What are oxyphil cells?

A

larger than principal cells, possess lots of mitochondrias, appears at puberty and increases with age and the function is unknown

59
Q

The precursor of the osteoclast originates in the (blank)

A

bone marrow

60
Q

(blank) have a number of receptors for various hormones including calcitonin. These cells are responsible for resorbing bone.

A

osteoclast

61
Q

(blank) are large, motile, multinucleated cells and contain up to 50 nuclei and have an acidophilic cytoplasm. The have a bone marrow precursor in common with monocytes.

A

osteoclasts

62
Q

Osteoclasts occupy shallow depressions called (blank) that identify regions of bone resorption.

A

howship’s lacunae

63
Q

What does PTH target?

A

it targets osteoblast NOT osteoclasts

64
Q

Bone is (blank)

A

dynamic

65
Q

When PTH targets osteoblast, this stimulates osteoclasts to release (blank) and (blank) into the space between the osteoclasts and the bone. The hydrogen ions acidify this space and allows for the resorption of (blank and blank) and activates the (blank). This allows the bone matrix to get broken down and the products are absorbed into the osteoclast.

A

Lysosomal enzymes and hydrogen ion
phosphate and calcium
lysosomal hydrolases

66
Q

When the osteoclasts releases release lysosomal enzymes, one vital lysosome is present in the bone matrix but not secreted by the osteoclasts, so where do they come from?

A

It was put in there by osteoblasts!!!!! which means while the osteoblasts were building the bone they were preparing for the bone to be broken down. Shows dynamic nature of bone.

67
Q

Calcitonin that is secreted by (blank) cells of the thyroid suppresses bone resorption by osteoclasts thereby decreasing calcium levels.

A

parafollicular cells

68
Q

The medulla of adrenal gland is made from (blank) and these cells travel so what can be the clinical significance of this?

A

neural crest cells

We can find medulla tissue sometimes in the circulation

69
Q

Is the adrenal gland encapsulated?

A

yes

70
Q

What are the 2 parts of the adrenal gland?

A

cortex and medulla

71
Q

What is the adrenal cortex derived from, what steroid hormones do they produce?

A

mesoderm

From LDL cholesterol, they produce the steroid hormones, mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids, androgens

72
Q

What controls the secretion of mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids and androgens from the adrenal cortex?

A

ACTH and kidney

73
Q

What is the structure of the adrenal cortex?

A

columns (cords) of cells separated by sinusoids

74
Q

What is the adrenal medulla made from, what does it produce and what is its structure?

A

derived from neural crest cells
produced catecholamines (epi and norepi)
large vascular sinusoids and blood vessels innervated by preganglionic sympathetic fibers

75
Q

How is the adrenal medulla innerved by preganglionic sympathetic fibers?

A

via splachnics that pass through the celiac plexus

76
Q

The adrenal cortex consists of three zones, what are they?

A 
zona glomerulosa (aldosterone)
zona fasciculata (cortisol)
zona reticularis (sex hormones)
77
Q

Tell me what the zona glomerulose secretes, what regulates it, and does it regenerate?

A

mineralcorticoids (mostly aldosterone)
regulated by RAAS and ACTH
Is the only regenerative zone of adrenal cortex

78
Q

What is the structure of the zona fasciculata (ZF)?

A

thick middle zone with large lipid containing cells which form parallel cords of cells separated by sinusoids

79
Q

What does the zona fasciculata secrete and what is it controlled by?

A

secretes glucocorticoids ( mainly corticosterone and cortisol) controlled by ACTH

80
Q

What is the structure of the zona reticularis (ZR)?

A

the innermost layer that contains lipofuscin granules.

81
Q

What does the zona reticularis secrete and what is it controlled by?

A

androgenic steroids and controlled by ACTH

82
Q

What can we consider the zona reticularis?

A

as the graveyard containing residues of lysosomal digestion

83
Q

What does high levels of corticosterone and cortisol do?

A

shut down the zona fasciculata

84
Q

(blank) are innervated by preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers and act like postganglioic sympathetic neurons.

A

chromaffin cells

85
Q

What suppresses the axons of chromaffin cells?

A

glucorticoids

86
Q

Chromaffin cells release 2 things, what percentage does it secrete each of these things, and what does each thing do?

A

80% epi-> increase HR and CO; no change in BP
20% norepi-> increase in BP through vasoconstriction
AND stores some opoids

87
Q

What are the opoids that chromaffin cells store and what do they do?

A

enkephalins which have analgesic properties

88
Q

What is the blood supply to the adrenal cortex?

A

cortex-> from vascular bed of the capsular arteries and sinusoids which travel through cortex and drain into medulla

89
Q

What is the blood supply to the adrenal medulla?

A

from capsular arterioles and from cortical sinuosoids

duel blood supply required to make epi and inhibit axonal growth

90
Q

(blank) inhibit axonal growth in the chromaffin cells/

A

glucocorticoids

91
Q

What enter the medullary venous sinuses of the adrenal gland?

A

mineralcorticoids, cortisol, and sexual steorids

92
Q

The superior and middle adrenal arteries make up the (blank) which supplies the 3 zones of the cortex with fenestrated cortical capillaries.

A

capsular plexus

93
Q

What kind of capillaries are in the adrenal cortex?

A

fenestrated

94
Q

Where does the medullary artery come form and what does it do?

A

comes from inferior adrenal artery and supplies the adrenal medulla by bypassing the cortex WITHOUT branching.

95
Q

In the medulla, the medullary artery joins with the (blank) to form the medullary venous sinuses creating the dual blood supply to the medulla.

A

cortical capillaries

96
Q

What is the origin of the pineal gland?

A

neuroectoderm

97
Q

The pineal gland contains two cells types which are….?

A

pinealocytes (make melatonin at night and serotonin during the day)
neuroglial cells

98
Q

Melatonin levels are (blank) in children (pre-puberty)

A

high

99
Q

Melatonin levels (balnk) with onset of puberty

A

decline

100
Q

The pineal gland consists of melatonin-secreting pinealocytes arranged in (blank) enclosed by processes derived from the (blank).

A

solid cords

glial like-interstitial cells

101
Q

A typical feature of the histology of the pineal gland is the presence of (blank) called corpora arenacea found in the extracellular space.

A

calcium deposits

102
Q

The nerve input to the pineal gland is from the (blank) derived from the superior cervical ganglion.

A

postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers

103
Q

Meninges that envelop the pineal gland invade the developing gland forming a (blank)

A

connective tissue septa

104
Q

What is helpful about the pineal gland clinically?

A

can be used as a radiological landmark

105
Q

What are the calcium deposits in the pineal gland called?

A

corpora arenacea

Block 3 Week 6 (6 decks)

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