Higher Order Functions if the Nervous System

Question 1

Funcrtional areas of the Cerebral Cortex

Funcrtional areas of the Cerebral Cortex

Answer 1

Primary Motor Cortex
* Pre-central Gyrus
* Organized with control of foot muscles most medial, head muscles lateral
* Directs voulntary movements
* Controls contralateral muscles

Primary Sensory Cortex
* Post-central Gyrus
* Recives contralateral somatic sensory information: Touch, pressure, pain etc…

Question 2

Functional Aeras of Cerebral Cortex

Functional Aeras of Cerebral Cortex

Answer 2

Olfactory cortex - sense of smell
* Medial suface of temporal lobe

Gustatory coretx - sense of taste
* Insular lobe

Visual cortex - sense of vision
* Occipital lobe

Auditory Cortex - sense of hearing
* Superior sufrace of temporal lobe

Question 3

Functional Aeras of Cerebral Cortex

Functional Aeras of Cerebral Cortex

Answer 3

Association aeras control ability to understand sensory information and coordinate responses
* Somatic Motor Association
* Premotor Cortex
* Frontal eye feild (left)
* Speach center (Brocas Area Left)

Somatosensory Association area
Auditory Association
Visual Association
General interpretive area (wrenickes area) (left)

Question 4

Functional Aeras of Cerebral Cortex

Functional Aeras of Cerebral Cortex

Answer 4

Prefrontal Cortex
* Coordinates information from all association areas
* Performs abstract intellectual functions
* Predicts consequences of actions (anxiety, frustration, worry)
* Planning and prioritizing
* Determiniation of appropriatness of actions for a given situation
* Not fully mature until adulthood (25 Years)

Question 5

Cortex Functions and Typical Hemisphere Differences

Cortex Functions and Typical Hemisphere Differences

Answer 5

Left hemisphere
* language skills
* Analtyical, amthmatical, logic skills

Right Hemisphere
* Spatial relationships and 3 dimensional analysis
* Identification of objects based on sensory information
* Recgonizing faces
* Analyze emotional context of converstaion or event

Question 6

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

Answer 6

Measures brain wave activity
* alapha waves = healthy resting adult
* Beta waves = concentrating adult
* Theta Waves = normal in children, adults experincing frustration and anxiety
* Delta waves = normal during deep sleep

Brain waves releated to activity of reticular activating systenm

Question 7

Reticular Formation

Reticular Formation

Answer 7

• Extends from medulla oblongata through mesencephalon of the brain stem
• Recives input from all parts of the brain
• Contains many finction centers:
• ANS regulation center
• Somatic motor controll center of medial pathway
• Reticular Activiating system

Question 8

Reticular Activating System (RAS)

Reticular Activating System (RAS)

Answer 8

• Important to arousal and maitenance of consciousness
• RAS headquartes located in mesencephalon
• Recives input from multiple sources that act as a posotive feed back loop to maintain consciousness:
• Cerebral cortex
• Basal Nuclei
• Sensory and Motor Pathways
• becomes less responsive to input and fatigues after manjy hours of activity

Question 9

Reticular Activating System (RAS)

Reticular Activating System (RAS)

Answer 9

• Important to arousal and maitenance of consciousness
• RAS headquartes located in mesencephalon
• Recives input from multiple sources that act as a posotive feed back loop to maintain consciousness:
• Cerebral cortex
• Basal Nuclei
• Sensory and Motor Pathways
• becomes less responsive to input and fatigues after manjy hours of activity

Question 10

States of Consciousness

States of Consciousness

Answer 10

Conscious
* Alertness
* Awareness of and attention to external events and stimuli

Unconscious
* Sleep - can be awaken by external stimuli
* Coma - can not be brought to conscious, can not be awokem by external stimuli

Question 11

States of Consciousness

States of Consciousness

Answer 11

Sleep
* Deep sleep (slow wave sleep) (NREM)
* Body is in relaxed state
* Cerebral Cortex activity is low
* Delta waves

• Rapis eye Movement (REM) sleep
• Active dreaming occurs
• Muscle activity inhibited
• Aplha waves

Question 12

Lumbic System Functions

Lumbic System Functions

Answer 12

• Motivational Systen - sensory cortex, motor cortex, and association aeras of the cortex enable you to preform complex tasks, the limbic system makes you want to do them
• Behavioral drives
• Establishing emotional states
• Facilitating memory storage and retrieval

Question 13

Limbic System Components

Limbic System Components

Answer 13

• Cortex of cingulate gyrus, denate gyrus and parahippocampal gyrus - link conscious intellectul function of cortex with autonmic and emotional behavior
• Hypothalamus - centers responsible for rage, fear, pain, pleasure, sexaul arrosual
• Hippocampus and fornix - storage retrieval of memory
• Amygdaloid Body - links emotions to memories

Question 14

Memory storage and retriveal

Memory storage and retriveal

Answer 14

• Short-term memories - tempoarary increase in neural activity in sensory and sensory associtation aeras of the cerebral cprtex
• Long-term memories - perminant of smei-perminant memories
• secondary memories: may fade with time
• tertiary memories: retained for life
• Memory Consolidation = conversion of short to long term memories
• Hippocampus
• Mechanims :1. increased neurotransmitter release, 2: facilitation, 3: New synaptic connections
• Neurotransmitter is glutimate