Higher cortical functions Flashcards by Geno Sadaya

Wakefulness is disrupted in lesions of the:

A. Brainstem reticular formation
B. Bilateral thalami
C. Bilateral cerebral cortex
D. AOTA

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Dressing apraxia and left hemineglect are prominent features of lesions in the:

A. Frontal lobes
B. Right thalamus
C. Right parietal
D. Non-dominant temporal

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A type of higher cortical impairment wherein a patient can describe objects in their visual field in detail (color, texture, shape) but are unable to recognize the specific objects.

A. Visual agnosia
B. Apraxia
C. Astereognosia
D. Anosognosia

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Patients with this kind of aphasia are unable to perform repetition due to a lesion in the arcuate fasciculus (or rather the extreme capsule on MR diffusion tensor imaging)

A. Transcortical sensory aphasia
B. Disconnection syndrome
C. Conduction aphasia
D. Wernicke’s aphasia

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Despite a lateralized cerebral dominance for aspects such as music, math abilities, and facial recognition, both the right and left cerebral hemispheres are connected to each other and share information through this all important structure

A. Corpus callosum
B. Falx cerebri
C. Foramen of Monroe
D. Arcuate fasciculus

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Brain area in the inferior frontal lobe responsible for speech production and articulation

A. Wernicke’s area
B. Broca’s area
C. Arcuate fasciculus
D. Fasciculus cuneatus

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Denotes utter denial of an obvious handicap or illness such as hemiplegia or even blindness

A. Anosognosia
B. Astereognosia
C. Visual agnosia
D. Hemineglect

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Echolalia, palilalia, and neologisms are often seen in lesions of the:

A. Frontal lobe
B. Parietal lobe
C. Temporal lobe
D. Occipital lobe

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Asking for a historical event or a verifiable personal event (What school did you last attend?) tests:

A. Immediate memory
B. Recent memory
C. Delayed memory
D. Remote memory

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Mini-Mental Status Examination is equivalent to doing a full higher cortical function testing:

A. True
B. False
C. Sometimes
D. All of the time

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After emanating from the internal capsules, the electrical signals that represent the superior halves of a visualized object travel within the:

A. Superior optic radiations
B. Corona radiate
C. Inferior optic radiations
D. Corpus callosum

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Which of the following is NOT one of the 4 signs seen in Gerstmann syndrome?

A. Agraphia 
B. Alexia
C. Right-left confusion 
D. Acalculia
E. Finger agnosia

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“This exam is so ‘waleykomasagutanpagodnakowpowz’” – is an example of:

A. Global aphasia
B. Autocorrect error
C. Conduction aphasia
D. Neologism

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Reading a quote attributed to Yoda or Morgan Freeman will activate this area in your brain either in your own voice or in their’s.

A. Supramarginal gyrus
B. Lingual gyrus
C. Angular gyrus
D. Fusiform gyrus

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“Raedning this sentence is meda pssobile” by the integrity of the:

A. Supramarginal gyrus
B. Lingual gyrus
C. Angular gyrus
D. Fusiform gyrus

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Alexia with or without agraphia results from damage to this structure:

A. Supramarginal gyrus
B. Lingual gyrus
C. Angular gyrus
D. Fusiform gyrus

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Planning a romantic getaway with precise timing of roses and a string quartet requires the:

A. Frontal lobe
B. Temporal lobe
C. Insula
D. Parietal lobe

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When faced with a difficult multiple choice question you know completely nothing about, you would rely on which structure to “choose the best answer”?

A. Orbitofrontal cortex
B. Anterior cingulate cortex
C. Both A & B
D. Neither A nor B

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The association cortex of all other association cortices

A. Supramarginal gyrus
B. Lingual gyrus
C. Angular gyrus
D. Fusiform gyrus

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Happiness is a choice. Becoming a doctor is a decision. This part of your brain is at work:

A. Hippocampus
B. Amygdala
C. Ventral tegementum
D. Prefrontal cortex

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The Mental Status Examination describes the sum total of the examiner’s observations and impressions of the psychiatric patient:

A. During the past month
B. Over the past 2 weeks
C. At the time of the examination
D. From the patient’s last visit up to the present

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The patient’s Mental Status Examination:

A. Can change from hour to hour
B. Should remain the same from one examination to the next
C. Is stable if the patient is incoherent
D. Is expected to be the same if the patient has not yet undergone treatment

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The level of rapport established with the patient may be recorded in this part of the Mental Status Examination

A. Overt behavior
B. Appearance
C. Attitude toward examiner
D. Affect

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Statements about the patient’s mood should include:

A. Fluctuations
B. Intensity
C. Duration
D. AOTA

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A patient would only ride jeepneys with plate numbers adding up to an even number. This would be reported in which part of the Mental Status Examination? A. Perception B. Thought content C. Thought process D. Orientation

A false sensory perception based on natural stimulation of a sensory receptor is called what?

Illusion

A false sensory perception not based on natural stimulation of a sensory receptor is called what?

Hallucination

A false belief that reason cannot dispel is called what?

Delusion

The inability to perform a voluntary act even though the motor system, sensory system, and mental status are relatively intact

Apraxia

The aphasia where a patient can speak fluently and understand what you say but cannot repeat what you ask her to repeat is A. Wernicke’s aphasia B. Broca’s aphasia C. Conduction aphasia D. Global aphasia

Asking what the patient would do if they get somebody else’s mail is an example of a test for the patient’s... A. Intelligence B. Abstract reasoning C. Judgment D. Insight

Part of brain that focuses attention on what is important and sustains it

Basal nucleus of Meynert

The neurons in the basal nucleus of Meynert are associated with which neurotransmitters?

Acetylcholine

The basal nucleus is inferior the thalamus. T/F

(Hyperstimulation/hypostimulation) in one FEF will result in forced gaze deviation to the contralateral side.

Hyperstimulation

Hypofunctioning of one FEF will result in forced gaze | deviation to the (ipsilateral/contralateral) side.

Ipsilateral

If a person can answer simple question and carry out command but is easily distracted and unable to pursue sustained activities, which of the following is/are intact in this individual? A. Attention B. Vigilance C. Alertness D. All of the Above

Which of the following neural components release a chemical most relevant to both memory and general attention? A. Nucleus Locus Ceruleus B. Brainstem Raphe Nuclei C. Tuberomamillary Nucleus D. Nucleus Basalis of Meynert

Which part of the cerebrum shows high activity in emotionally distressed people?

Right prefrontal cortex

Nucleus accumbens is located at the basal junction of which structures?

Caudate nucleus and putamen

Pleasure is associated with: nucleus accumbens or left prefrontal cortex?

Nucleus accumbens

Damage in which part of the cerebrum results in: Inability to detect errors, emotional instability, inattention, akinetic mutism?

Anterior cingulate gyrus

Which part of the cerebrum shows high activity in infants who were not abandoned by their mothers and monks who meditate?

Left prefrontal cortex

Mini-Mental Status Examination is equivalent to doing a full higher cortical function testing. A. True B. False C. Sometimes D. All the time

Echolalia, palilalia, and neologisms are often seen in testing lesions of the A. Frontal lobe B. Parietal lobe C. Temporal lobe D. Occipital lobe

Dressing apraxia and left hemineglect are prominent features of lesion in the A. Frontal lobes B. Right thalamus C. Right parietal D. Non-dominant temporal

Denotes utter denial of an obvious handicap or illness such as hemiplegia or even blindness A. Anosognosia B. Astereognosia C. Visual agnosia D. Hemineglect

The primary olfactory center of the brain is found within which cortical area? A. Entorrhinal B. Parahippocampus C. Periamygdaloid D. Frontal

Olfactory hallucinations are commonly associated with what other pathology? A. Nasal congestion B. Gliomas C. Blindness D. Seizure disorders

The proper sequence of steps/tests done before a patient is said to have blindness: A. Counting fingers > Perception of direction of light > Appreciation of hand movements > Perception of light > If still nothing seen, blind B. Counting of fingers > Appreciation of hand movements > Perception of direction of light > Perception of light > If still nothing seen, blind C. Counting fingers > Perception of light > Appreciation of hand movements > Perception of direction of light > If still nothing seen, blind D. None of the above

Whether you are extremely anxious or furious at how the examination questions were constructed, this part of your brain calms you down so you can choose the best answer: A. Amygdala B. Prefrontal cortex C. Stria terminalis D. Locus ceruleus

Executive functions, such as the capability to plan and organize, are “localized” in the A. Frontal lobe B. Temporal lobe C. Parietal lobe D. Occipital lobe

To be able to choose the best answer among seemingly similar test choices requires A. A functional prefrontal cortex- so you can be happy with your choice B. A functional prefrontal cortex- so you suppress the intense feelings you have for neurology and focus on answering the exam questions C. A functional anterior cingulate cortex- to discern what’s right from wrong D. A functional orbitofrontal cortex-to decide on the answer to shade in

The supramarginal gyrus on your dominant brain hemisphere A. Is reading aloud this exam question on your head B. Is the evolutionary breakthrough that elevates you above the Neanderthal C. Caps the superior temporal sulcus D. Can cause alexia without agraphia, if damaged

The angular gyrus A. Combines integrated auditory and visual inputs to allow literacy B. Caps the Sylvian fissure C. Is synonymous with Wernicke’s area D. Is located in the temporal lobe

The posterior parietal cortex A. Lies within the so-called dorsal stream of “what” pathway B. Allows for integration of what is seen and felt with one’s movements C. Is the seat of happiness D. Is activated when someone clicks “like” on your Facebook comment

Procedural memory for the correct technique of the neurological examination A. Is found within the posterior parietal cortex B. Is best stored in the supplementary motor area to pass the OSCE C. Is conveyed by the occipitotemporal fibers D. Is located in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Paying attention to the lecturer at the podium of BSLR-East A. Depends on an intact medial longitudinal fasciculus and PPRF B. Does not require activating your frontal eye fields C. Is hindered by too little electrical activity in your ascending reticular activating system D. Is directed by your intraparietal sulcus

Pricking your patient’s skin with a pin is actually testing the integrity of A. Corticospinal tract B. Spinothalamic tract C. Dorsal columns D. Myotome

The neurons that decussate in the somatosensory pathway are found in A. Dorsal root ganglion B. Dorsal horn C. Thalamus D. Pyramid

On neurologic examination, the patient responded only to pain by withdrawal of the right upper extremity. Which of the following levels of consciousness best describe the patient’s condition? A. Awake B. Drowsy C. Stuporous D. Comatose E. Acute confusional state

TRUE or FALSE: Acute confusional state is an acute onset of acquired mental disorder characterized by deficits in attention and coherence of thought and action? A. True B. False

The following are components of sensorium EXCEPT: A. Consciousness B. Orientation C. Memory D. Insight, judgment and planning E. Motor response

TRUE or FALSE: In defining dementia, cognitive deficits that are exclusively due to delirium, restricted brain lesions and psychiatric disorders must be excluded. A. True B. False

TRUE or FALSE: Prominent cognitive decline should be the only consideration in evaluating patients for the presence of dementia. A. True B. False

TRUE or FALSE: Patient odor can provide important clues to the etiology. A. True B. False

Removal of which part of the brain cause reduced aggression (calm, placid) and reduced emotional responsiveness (failure to show anger nor frustration when expectations fall short)?

Orbitofrontal cortex

The primary auditory area is found where?

Posterior half of superior temporal gyrus

Wernicke's area is found where?

Posterior part of the superior temporal gyrus near Sylvian fissure, encircling primary auditory cortex

Most people have Wenicke's area in which side of the brain?

Left The dominant side

Function of Wernicke's area

Processing of speech sounds and associating these with | concepts / meaning (words)

Broca's area is located in which part of the brain?

Pars triangularis and pars opercularis of the inferior frontal gyrus

Which side of the brain is Broca's area located?

The dominant side

Wernicke's area and Broca's area are found unilaterally, on the same side of the brain. T/F

Speaking: Wernicke's area or Broca's area?

Broca's area

Comprehending speech: Wernicke's area or Broca's area?

Wernicke's area

Which part of the brain is responsible for the voice you hear in your head when reading?

Supramarginal gyrus

Gertsmann syndrome is a lesion on which part of the brain?

Left supramarginal gyrus

Which area is the association area for association areas?

Angular gyrus

The inability to understand or express words as symbols for communication, even though the primary sensorimotor pathways to receive and express language and the mental status are relatively intact.

Aphasia

The general term for failure of a mentally | intact Pt with intact sensory pathways to understand the meaning of a stimulus is ____

Agnosia

The general term for failure of a mentally intact, nonparalyzed Pt to execute such voluntary acts is ____.

Apraxia