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Nervous System & Neuropsychiatry > Higher Cortical Function / The Reticular Formation and Consciousness > Flashcards

Higher Cortical Function / The Reticular Formation and Consciousness Flashcards

1
Q

Which hemisphere of the brain deals with language and mathematical processing in 95% of people?

A

Left hemisphere

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2
Q

Define “arousal”

A

The emotional state associated with some kind of goal or avoidance of something noxious

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3
Q

Define “consciousness”

A

This is difficult, but something to do with “awareness” of both external and internal states

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4
Q

How do Wernicke’s aphasia and Broca’s aphasia differ?

A

Wernicke’s aphasia- Broca’s area is working so fluent speech is produced, but the speech doesn’t make sense

Broca’s aphasia- Wernicke’s area is working so they are understanding and making sense, but unable to articulate what they are wanting to say

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5
Q

Which two basic ingredients required for consciousness?

A

Cerebral cortex

Reticular formation

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6
Q

What is the reticular formation?

A

A population of specialised interneurones in the brainstem

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7
Q

What are the inputs of the reticular formation?

A

The cortex

The somatosensory system

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8
Q

What are the outputs of the reticular formation?

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Basal forebrain nuclei
Spinal cord

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9
Q

Which neurotransmitter is released at the basal forebrain nuclei during arousal?

A

Acetylcholine

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10
Q

Which neurotransmitter is released at the hypothalamus during arousal?

A

Histamine

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11
Q

Which neurotransmitter is released at the thalamus during arousal?

A

Glutamate

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12
Q

The cortex and reticular formation for a _________ feedback loop

A

Positive

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13
Q

What can we use clinically to assess consciousness?

What are the value ranges?

A

The Glasgow Coma Scale

3 (bad)—->15 (good)

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14
Q

How can we clinically measure consciousness?

A

The electroencephalogram (EEG)

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15
Q

If the neurones in the brain are deprived of sensory input, what do they tend to do?

A

Fire synchronously

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16
Q

During the night, you typically pass through how many cycles of sleep?

A

6

17
Q

What are the 6 stages of sleep?

A 
Awake 
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 4
Stage 5 
REM sleep
18
Q

What is the wave form shown on an EEG during the awake period?
Describe the wave pattern & speed.

A

Beta waves
Irregular and complex
Around 50Hz

19
Q

What is the wave form shown on an EEG during the period when eyes are closed (not yet asleep)?
Describe the wave pattern & speed.

A

Alpha waves
Slower than beta waves, regular-loss of external input
Around 10Hz

20
Q

What is the wave form shown on an EEG during stage 1 of the sleep cycle?

A

Alpha waves + Theta waves

Delta waves are around 5 Hz

21
Q

What is the wave form shown on an EEG during stage 2/3 of the sleep cycle?

A

Theta waves + Sleep spindle + K- complex

Sleep spindle - the thalamus trying to wake the cortex up
K-complex - intrinsic rate of the cortex as most input is taken away “complete brain block”

22
Q

What is the wave form shown on an EEG during stage 4 of the sleep cycle?
Describe the wave pattern & speed.

A

Delta waves - intrinsic cortical activity
Neurones firing all together
Slow and synchronous

23
Q

What is the wave form shown on an EEG during REM sleep?

Describe the wave pattern & speed.

A

REM sleep looks like beta waves - as if eyes were open but the stimulation instead comes from the cortex
Around 50 Hz

24
Q

The frontal lobes are responsible for what functions?

A 
Motor
Expression of speech 
Behavioural regulation 
Cognition
Continence
Eye movements
25
Q

The parietal lobes are responsible for what functions?

A 
Sensory 
Comprehension of speech 
Body image 
Awareness of external environment 
Calculation & writing 
(visual pathways projecting through the white matter)
26
Q

The temporal lobes are responsible for what functions?

A 
Hearing
Olfaction
Memory 
Emotion 
(visual pathways projecting through the white matter)
27
Q

What is the role of the corpus callosum?

A

It connects the two cerebral hemispheres

Nervous System & Neuropsychiatry (17 decks)

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