high yield concepts in cardiology

Question 1

most efficient extractor of blood from the blood

Answer 1

heart

Question 2

intercellular junction responsible for the cardiac syncytium

Answer 2

gap junctions

Question 3

substance that dilates upstream blood vessels

Answer 3

endothelium derived relaxing factor aka NO

Question 4

most potent vasoconstrictor

Answer 4

ADH

Question 5

an increase in venous return can increase heart rate

Answer 5

bainbridge reflex

Question 6

an increase in venous return will increase the stroke volume, Basis: stretching of cardiac sarcomeres will increase contraction

Answer 6

Frank-starling mechanism

Question 7

hypertension, irregular respiration and bradycardia due to activation of the CNS ischemic response and baroreceptor reflex in increased intracranial pressure

Answer 7

Cushing reflex

Question 8

formula for blood pressure based on Ohm’s Law

Answer 8

BP= CO x TPR

Question 9

at least 10 sec pressure over the upper abdomen (RUQ)

positive response: sustained rise of >3cm in JVP for atleast 10-15 sec after release of the hand

Answer 9

Abdominojugular reflux

Question 10

pansystolic murmur of tricuspid regurgitation

louder during inspiration and diminishes during forced expiration

Answer 10

carvallo’s sign

Question 11

high pitched, diastolic, decrescendo blowing murmur along the left sternal border due to dilationof the pulmonary valve ring; occurs in mmitral valve disease and severe pulmonary hypertension

Answer 11

graham steel murmur

Question 12

condition where the murmur of aortic stenosis may be transmitted downward and to the apex and may be confused with the systolic murmur of mitral regurgitation

Answer 12

Gallavardin effect

Question 13

apical pulse is reduced and may retract in systole in constrictive pericarditis

Answer 13

broadbent’s sign

Question 14

a rapidly rising “water hammer pulse that collapses suddenly as arterial pressure falls rapidly during late systole and diastole, seen in aortic regurgitation

Answer 14

Corrigan’s pulse

Question 15

capillary pulsations manifest as alternate flushing and paling of the skin while pressure is applied to the tip of the naill, seen in aortic regurgitation

Answer 15

quincke’s pulse

Question 16

a booming pistol shot sound heard over the femoral arteries, seen in aortic regurgitation

Answer 16

Traube’s sign

Question 17

to and fro murmur audible if the femoral arrtery is lightly compressed with at stet, seen in aortic regurgitation

Answer 17

Duroziez sign