High Yield Anatomy Supplement Flashcards
What are the names for the junctions of the parietal bones with the frontal bone and occipital bone on the scalp?
Anterior - Bregma
Posterior - Lambda
What are Galludet’s and Buck’s fascia?
Buck’s fascia - Deep Fascia of Penis - directly covers the corpus cavernosa / spongiosum
Galludet’s - Deep perineal fascia - covers the ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus muscles which lie overtop of Buck’s fascia
What is Colle’s vs Darto’s fascia?
Both are superficial perineal fascia, which form a compartment between Galludet’s (Deep) and this superficial layer.
Darto’s is only present in males and is superficial perineal fascia which contains SMOOTH MUSCLE around the scrotum, involved in temperature regulation.
What is Darto’s continuous with superiorly?
Scarpa’s fascia. Thus, a cut of the anterior chest wall can lead to bleeding which seeds downward and leads to swelling around penis and scrotum.
What are the boundaries of the femoral triangle? What structures are contained within it?
Laterally - Sartorius muscle
Medially - Adductor longus muscle
Superiorly - Inguinal ligament
Includes nerve, artery, vein, and lymphatic (NAVL)
What is the femoral sheath and what structures are contained within it?
Sheath made by transversalis fascia which surrounds the artery, vein, and lymphatics of the structures in the femoral triangle, but NOT the nerve
What is the femoral canal and why is it clinically relevant?
Medial-most part of femoral sheath which contains the lymphatics
-> this is the site of femoral hernia, a type of hernia more common in females.
Weakness in the communication of the abdomen with the leg here.
What are the boundaries of Hesselbach’s triangle?
This is the inguinal triangle, where direct inguinal hernias occur
Laterally - inferior epigastric vessels, arising from the external iliac artery before it becomes femoral artery under the inguinal ligament
Medially - Lateral border of rectus abdominis muscle
Inferiorly - Inguinal ligament
What is the femoral ring?
The proximal opening of the femoral canal into the abdominal cavity -> contains lymphatics
What two female structures are derived from the gubernaculum?
Remember, the gubernaculum is the structure responsible for pulling the gonads into their spot. Pulls the testes into the scrotum in males.
- Ovarian ligament - attaches to the inferior pole of the ovary, and latches to the uterine fundus (near junction of fallopian tubes with uterus)
- Round ligament - goes through the “round” inguinal canal. Extends from same spot on uterine fundus, all the way to the labia majora. So it’s almost like the ligament got pasted on there.
What is the cardinal ligament and what is contained within it?
Ligament in the base of the broad ligament which holds the uterine artery and ureter. Ureter may be ligated during hysterectomy as uterine vessels are ligated (water goes under the bridge).
What is the infundibulopelvic ligament? What happens if it gets twisted and how can this happen?
The other name for the suspensory ligament of the ovary which attaches to the superior pole. Contains the ovarian vessels.
Ovarian torsion - Can get twisted if there is an ovarian cyst or mass
-> will cause acute onset unilateral pelvic pain and edema / ischemia of ovary, with possible infarct
What structures form the pelvic diaphragm?
- Levator ani, consists of: Pubococcygeus, iliococcygeus, puborectalis (maintains fecal continence)
- Coccygeus muscle
How is cauda equina syndrome told apart from pudendal nerve injury? What typically causes each?
Cauda equina is generally much more painful, involves structures other than the S2-S4 dermatomes (e.g. there will be foot drop hyporeflexia), and bladder / fecal incontinence will happen much later than in pudendal nerve injury.
Cauda equina - Tumor or intervertebral disc hernation which impinges on cord below conus medullaris
Pudendal - stretch injury during childbirth
What is the function of the superior laryngeal nerve? What does it pass thru?
It is a branch of the vagus nerve
Internal branch - pure sensory - it branches thru thyrohyoid membrane to supply sensory to the larynx and aryepiglotic folds above the vocal cords
External branch - smaller, pure motor - supplies the cricothyroid muscle only
How does the cough reflex differ from the gag reflex?
Cough reflex - afferent is the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (CNX), causes coughing due to URT irritation
Gag reflex - afferent is glossopharyngeal nerve (CNIX) due to touching pharynx / back of throat
What arteries / structures do the superior and inferior laryngeal nerves relate to?
Superior laryngeal nerve - relates to superior thyroid artery, especially the external branch
Recurrent laryngeal nerve - relates to the inferior thyroid artery. Wraps around brachiocephalic artery on the right and arch of the aorta on the left #1747
How can the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve be damaged?
Via sharp objects or damage upon attempted removal of sharp objects in the piriform recess -> nerve is very superficial underneath the mucosa on the lateral wall of this recess
What will damage to the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve do?
Causes monotonous voice -> cricothyroid muscle is responsible for raising voice pitch.
What nerve roots give rise to the iliohypogastric nerve and how can it be damaged? What are the symptoms?
T12-L1
-> Damaged via abdominal surgery, especially appendectomy
Functions:
Motor - Abdominal wall muscles
Sensory - Suprapubic region + lateral gluteal region
Symptoms - burning / tingling radiating to inguinal / suprapubic regino
What nerves control erection in males and where do they travel?
Cavernous nerves (S2-S4), autonomics from the inferior hypogastric plexus
- > travel in the prostatic venous plexus, can be damaged in prostate surgery and cause erectile dysfunction
- > # 11800
What is the most distinctive way to tell femoral hernias apart from inguinal hernias, anatomically?
Femoral hernias lie INFERIOR to the inguinal ligament, and thus abdominal contents are protruding thru the femoral ring into the femoral canal (most medial portion of femoral sheath, a part of the femoral triangle)
Inguinal hernias lie ABOVE the inguinal ligament, and are either medial (direct) or lateral (indirect) to the inferior epigastric vessels, a branch of the external iliac before it becomes the femoral artery below the inguinal ligament
What type of hernia is most prone to strangulation / incarceration?
Femoral hernia is most likely to have both, since herniations thru the femoral ring are not easily reducible by compression
Incarceration - lack of ability to reduce
Strangulation - loss of blood supply due to obstruction and prolonged strangulation
What are the dependent segments of the lungs when the patient is in supine position?
Posterior segments of upper lobes
Superior segments of lower lobes
#2102