High Yield Flashcards
1
Q
Physiological effects of hemorrhage
A
drop in BP, activates RAAS, catecholamine stimulation from baroreceptors= increase cardiac contraction, increased peripheral resistance, stimulation of JG apparatus
2
Q
Does ESR increase with age?
A
Yes, but slightly, not a large amount
3
Q
Key elements in wound healing
A
granulation tissue and fibronectin
4
Q
In Caisson disease, what is decreased when diver comes up from a depth?
A
PN2 in blood, forms bubbles and moves into tissue
5
Q
What happens to other kidney if one undergoes damage
A
Hypertrophy!
6
Q
Vitamin E toxicity
A
decrease levels of Vitamin K dep factors= increase hemorrhagic strokes, Increase Warfarin action= more bleeding
7
Q
Chance of male with cystic fibrosis having a child
A
<5%, since vas deferens dont fully develop/atresia. Female with CF can get pregnant, but difficult with thickened mucus for sperm to penetrate
8
Q
Woman is pure vegan and breastfeeding, baby gets anemia
A
Vit B12
9
Q
Hypogonadism, Mental Retardation, Retinitis Pigmentosum
A
Laurence-Moon-Biedl
10
Q
Male with hypogonadism, mental retardation, short stature, webbed neck
A
Noonan syndrome (similar to Turners)
11
Q
Patient with NF has high diastolic HTN
A
pheochromocytoma
12
Q
Complications of cyclophosphamide
A
hemorrhagic cystitis, transitional renal cell cancer
13
Q
decline in SIDS attributed to
A
having baby sleep supine (if sleep facing down then rebreathe own CO2 and with immature central chemoreceptors- do not respond to respiratory acidosis and die)
14
Q
Employees from car assembly plant with headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain
A
Lead poisoning
15
Q
Breast Milk Vs Cows Milk. What is missing in colostrum? Goat milk switch causes anemia in baby?
A
Colustrum lacks Vitamin D. Cows milk also has more vitamin K and more B12, more casein.
Goat Milk- low in folate, B6, iron
16
Q
Crampy pain in thighs after a painful bite when moving some logs from outside.
A
Black widow bite
Rx; muscle relaxant (calcium gluconate), tetanus prophylaxis
17
Q
painless bite with red papular lesion, that forms a HEMORRHAGIC blister
A
Brown recluse spider
18
Q
very itchy discrete red papules on leg and waist
A
Chigger bite
19
Q
Child vs adult with aspirin OD
A
child develops anion gap metabolic acidosis, not a mixed picture like in adults.
Tx: gastric lavage, activated CHARCOAL, alkalnize urine
20
Q
disease that can infect fetus AFTER first trimester
A
syphilis
21
Q
CAH deficiency= male pseudohermaphrodite
A
17-OH def (cant push to the androgen synthesis)
22
Q
CAH deficiency= female pseudohermaphrodite
A
21OH and 11 OH, both make more androgens
23
Q
Age related changes in lung
A
resemble obstructive lung disease= overinflation, decreased elasticity, decreased FEV-1
24
Q
Immune changes with age
A
increased CD4, decrease CD8, more autoantibodies
25
Increased cross bridging of collagen
can be seen with increased age
26
Gynecomastia, hyperthyrodism in a patient with a trophoblastic tumor
BHCG can act as LH and TSH!
27
Bombesin and Neuron Specific enolase marker of
Small cell carcinoma of lung, neuroblastoma
28
LDH may be a marker of
Hodgkins Disease
29
EM zebra bodies in lysosomes
Niemann Pick
30
How can primary hypothyroidism cause yellowing of eyes?
Thyroxine is a cofactor for conversion of B carotenes into retinoic acid in intestine
31
cerebellar dysfunction, hemolytic anemia, hemorrhagic
Vitamin E deficiency (remember toxicity decreased Vit K coag factors)
32
avidin binds vitamin...deficiency of
biotin
33
neovascularization of cornea, magenta tongue, angular stomatitis
riboflavin deficiency (cant synthesize glutathione)
34
element deficiency which is associated with glucose intolerance and peripheral neuropathy
Chromium- part of glucose tolerance factor which increases insulin activity
35
microcytic anemia, skeletal abnormalities, skin depigmentation, aortic aneurysms
copper feficiency- cannot bind to transferrin (copper needed to get iron to 3+ to bind transferrin), defective collagen, defective tyrosinase, defective elastic tissue
36
growth retardation, poor wound healing, impaired cellular immunity. disease= acrodermatitis enteropathica
zinc (cofactor of superoxide dismutase, carbonic anhydrase, collageneases, RNA and DNA pol)
37
responsible for Fe3+ to Fe 2+/ met Hb to reduced Hb
Vitamin C
38
cyanosis not relieved by oxygen in a patient who came back from a camping trip
water has nitrites- oxidized iron to ferric= methemoglobinemia. Saturation of oxygen decreased, PaO2 would be normal.
Tx: methylene blue + vit C
39
raising the upper limit of a test
increase specificity, and PPV (think about it, if increase specificty, TN is better, so FP is lesser which is in the denominator of PPV)
40
mechanism of atresia in the bowel
apoptosis
41
HPV E6 and E7 products
E6 inhibits p53, E7 inhibits Rb
42
Normal karyotype in a child with Down Syndrome
Robertsonian translocation
43
Inducers of p450 and porphyrias
increase ALA synthase
44
Lipid most affected by fasting
Triglycerides, come from dietary chylomicrons
45
first sign of tissue ischemia
cell swelling due to inactive Na/K
46
Rejection within 3 months, Type 14, CD8 cells, parenchymal damage
Acute transplant rejection
47
RTA which is characterized by dysfunction aldosterone action. Also cannot regenererate bicarb= ph>5.5
Type 1= distal (normal anion gap metabolic acidosis)
48
Chromium and Nickel assoc with which cancers
Lung cancer mainly, nasal cavity cancer also
49
Benzene associated with which cancer
acute leukemia
50
Decreased ESR in which diseases
Sickle cell, polycythemia
51
How can CO poisoning look like Parkinsons
necrosis of the globus pallidus
52
O2 content equation
1.34(15=Hb)(Saturation) + PaO2
53
Dystrophic calcification
normal serum levels, but deposits= atherosclerosis, enzymatic fat necrosis (pancreas), periventricular calicifacations in CMV
54
Vessels in esophageal varices
Left gastric (systemic) and azygous veins
55
Cryptococcus- foci of infection and how spread
infection located in lung, hematogenous spread
56
unilateral gynecomastia in a pubertal boy
NORMAL!
57
3Hz spike wave acitvity on EEG
absence seizure
58
Right and Left Recurrent Laryngeal
Right- under right subclavian, left- under aortic arch
59
Effect of meryrapone
Blocks 11-hydroxylase, decreased cortisol as a result, increased ACTH
60
When is wall rupture most likely after Acute MI
3-7 days (MACROPHAGES)
61
key prognostic factor in Tet of Fallot
degree of pulmonary stenosis
62
Hepatocyte EM with black granules which disappear after 6 hours
Black granules= glycogen (fed state), broken down in fasting state
63
Why is urine purple colored in AIP?
Prophobilinogen accumulated, when oxidized by light= porphobilin
64
Hypertrichosis, decreased activity of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase= increased excretion of uroprophyrin 1
Porphyria cutanea tarda
65
mechanism of acute pyelonephritis in females
vesicouretral reflex
66
Renal Artery stenosis- increase in which measure
Increased FF (GFR not affected until glomerular injury occurs, RBF decreased)
67
Black ulcers, related to ulcerative colitis
pyoderma gangrenosum= pseudomonas
68
More associated: crypt abscess with neutrophils, HLA B27, PSC, Colorectal Cancer , Pyoderma gangrenosum, LEAD PIPE appearance
Ulcerative Colitis
69
calcium oxalate stones in Crohns
absorption problem, excess calcium can precipitate
70
myxomatous connective tissue in valve due to increase in mucopolysaccharides
MVP (earliest valve lesion in Marfans)
71
treatment for recurrent ulcers
vagotomy
72
IV Drug user in prison, hepatitis type
Hep B
73
AIDS pt with acute cholecystitis
Cryptosporidium and CMV
74
TE fistula associated what problem
polyhydramnios
75
left radial pulse absent, unequal pulses in upper limmbs
aortic dissection
76
Wegeners vs Goodpastures
Both lead to RPGN, but Goodpastures- hemoptysis/hematuria, Wegeners- cANCA + upper airway/nasal involvement
77
Polyhydramnios associated with which conditions
TE fistula, anencephaly, Duodenal atresia
78
URI followed by epistaxis and petechiae
ITP (type 2 hypersensitivity- IgG against platelet Gp2b/3a
79
why do you bleed after rat poison ingestion
contains warfarin, need to give vitamin K
80
Negative charge of GBM due to
heparan sulfate
81
Child with rash and skin infiltrate, with CD1 positive cells
Histiocytosis (also S100)
82
Tx to prevent osteoporosis 1
1) previous total hystrectomy and bilateral sallpingo-oophorectomy
2) 35 yo with still menstruating
3) Post menopausal with ERA positive Bca
1) can give estrogen with or without progesterone
2) dont need to give estrogen
3) estrogen is contraindicated (give raloxifene!)
83
most common adult benign tumor
meningioma
84
crunching sound in neck and anterior chest in pt involved with a head on collision
esophagus rupture- air dissecting into tissue
85
most common location of osteomyelitis in bone due to vascularity
metaphyses
86
axillary freckling in a patient with HTN
neurofibramatosis (cafe au lait, pheo)
87
irregular paches of balding in child
trichotillomania (pull out hair)
88
patient with hyperpigmented spots on skin , when scratched become very itchy and red
urticaria pigmentosa- mast cells in lesion
89
Graves vs Factitious thyrotoxicosis
factitious wont have increased radio-iodine uptake
90
Tx of condyloma venereum
Podophyllin derivative
91
Tx of partner vs not with metronidazole
tx partner if Trichomoniasis, not if just bacterial vaginosis
92
Legionella treatment
erythromycin
93
short QT
hypercalcemia
94
U wave EKG
hypokalemia
95
most common cause of jaundice in first 24h of birth
ABO incompatibility (O mother with an A or B baby)= IgG Anti a and B
96
blocked endocervical glands with mucus
Nabothian cyst
97
glomerular spike on silver stain, HBV association, subepithelial deposits
Membranous nephropathy
98
Type 1 vs 2 MPGN
Type 1: subendothelial deposits, tram tracking, HCV relationship,
2- very low C3 due to C3 nephritic factor , with deposits in the GBM
99
Orbital cellulitis vs cavernous sinus thrombosis
cavernous sinus would also show papilledema, other CN (like CN V signs)
100
weight lifter with weakness in hand, numbness, absent pulse
thoracic outlet syndrome (compression of subclavian artery and brachial plexus)
101
sterile pyuria, and negative culture
renal TB!, also chlamydia
102
Neonatal pneumonia, afebrile, eosiniphilia, wheezing
C. trachomatis
103
what part of JG vein curve correlates with 1st heart sound
c wave (ventricular contraction starting with closure of tricuspid valve)
104
major site of water reabsorption in GI tract
Jejunum>Ileum>colon
105
What factors of opioids does tolerance not develop to
Miosis and constipation
106
HTN in young woman
birth control pills can increase synthesis of angiotensinogen from liver
107
What to use for arsenic poisoning?
Dimercaprol
108
multinucleated microglial cells
AIDS dementia
109
AV fistulas in bone, high output failure, serum will show only high ALP, risk of osteosarcom
Pagets
110
HLA DR 3 and 4
DM 1, Rheumatoid arthritis
111
type of Hodgkins where f>m
nodular sclerosing
112
PAS stain leukemia
ALL
113
suppression with higher dose dexamethasone
Pituitary cushings
114
xray with step ladder appearance and air/fluid levels
Small bowel obstruction
115
xray of baby with loops of bowel in pleural area
diaphragmatic hernia
116
calcium oxalate stones (square with a X on it)
crohns disease, ethylene glycol, vit c toxicity
117
hexagonal stone
cystinuria
118
Etiology of
1) Achilles tendon xanthoma
2) Xanthalesma
3) Eruptive xanthoma
1) absent LDL receptor
2) absent LDL receptor/high LDL
3) increased TG/not assoc with atherosclerosis
119
Pheo associations
NF, VHL, MEN 2a and 2b
120
Homer Wright pseudorosettes
In children: neuroblastoma and medulloblastoma
121
perivascular rosettes
Ependymoma
122
increased gastrin with IV secretin
ZE syndrome
123
tx of pericardial effusion
needle and suck it out
124
Silo Fillers lung
nitrogen dioxide
125
farmers lung
thermophilic actinomyecetes
126
most common cause of fever 24h after a surgery, with elevated diaphragm
atelectasis
127
baby breaks away from breast, cyanosis relieved by crying
choanal atresia (fetal blockage of nasal air pathway)
128
pt with headache develops asthma
nasal polyps secondary to aspirin use
129
leukoplakic lesions in mouth or genital region
biopsy to rule out squamous cell cancer
130
chewing tobacco associated with
verrucoid squamous cancer of mouth
131
squamous vs basal cell cancer location in mouth
lateral border of tongue and LOWER lip= squamous
Upper lip= basal
132
bowel obstruction causes
likely due to adhesions from prev surgery
133
Right vs Left colon cancer
Left= obstructing (anatomy= decreased lumen as go toward rectum), Right= bleed (largest diameter)
134
PAS positive globules in hepatocytes, pan-acinar emphysema
Alpha antitrypsin def
135
IUD associated with what gram + branching bacteria
actinomyces
136
methylodopa toxicity
direct coombs positive hemolytic anemia and hepatitis
137
CCL3, acetaminophen, and Amanita poisoning in liver
all in zone 3 (oxygen free radical injury mostly)
138
most common renal stone
calcium oxalate
139
intrahepatic cholestasis due to non-inflammatory cause
oral contraceptives= estrogen interferes with intrahepatic bile excretion
also anabolic steroids
140
Renal papillary necrosis -4 causes
phenacetein, sickle cell, pyelonephritis, diabetes
141
schiller duval bodies
yolk sac tumors
142
At cervical os, post-coital bleeding, non neoplastic
cervical polyp
143
death due to renal failure from extension into retroperitoneum and blockage of ureters
cervical cancer
144
location where iprimary ovarian cancer can seed to , or blood can collect in ruptured ectopic pregnany, pus can drain from inferction
Pouch of Douglas (in front of rectum, behind uterus)
145
ovarian tumor associated with pseudomyxoma peritonei
mucinous cystadenocarcinoma
146
ovarian tumor with turner syndrome relation
dysgerminoma
147
ovarian Fibroma, ascites, pleural effusion,
Meigs
148
1) crystals of reinke
| 2) call exner bodies
1) Leydig cell tumor
| 2) Granulosa cell tumor
149
methotrexate treatment for which repro cancer
choriocarcinoma (heavily mets to lung otherwise)
150
low level of urine estriol in pregnancy
can indicate fetal, placental or maternal (liver) prob
151
anti-insulinic hormone in pregnancy
human placental lactogen (may account for maternal diabetes)
152
most cases of primary amenorrhea
constitutional delay- girl has secondary sex characteristics and and withdrawal bleeding with progesterone challenge vs Turners- who dont have good sex characteristics and high FSH/LH
if have good secondary characteristics, but no bleeding= check for imperfoate hymen/absent vagina
153
Asherman syndrome
secondary amenorrhea due to stratum basalis removed with repeated D&C
154
PAP smear findings
estrogen effect--> superficial squmous cell; progestrone--> intermediate squamous cells, and lack of both hormones: parabasal cells; SO: in pregnancy: intermediate squamous dominates and in non-pregnancy non-menopause: superficial squamous predominates. After menopause: 100% parabasal
155
indicates good pap smear sampling
presence of endocervical cells
156
Lewis abdy
no clinical significance
157
Duffy antigen
receptor for P. vivax= protection from malaria~
158
anti-I
IgM cold agglutin can be seen with M. pneumoniae and EBV
159
abdys present in O blood
anti-A IgM, anti-B IgM AND anti-A and B IgG (igG can cross placenta- cause jaundice of newborn)
160
viral risks post transfusion
HCV (1:3300)>HBV>HIV
161
cryoprecipitate
has factor 8 (for hemophilia), fibrinogen (DIC)
162
Febrile Transfusion reaction
patient has anti-HLA, so will lyse donor leukocytes which releases pyrogens, Type 2 hypersens
163
most common cause of abnormal bleeding time
patient on aspirin- no TXA2 for platelet aggregation
164
PT is a good test for liver synthetic function
Yes
165
Femoral Heat aseptic necrosis
Legg-Perthe in child, elderly, corticosteroids, HbSS
166
Osgood Schlatters
Inflammation of proximal tibial apophysis at insertion of patellar tendon
167
Necrolytic migratory erythema
Glucagonoma
168
Achlorhydria, Cholelithiasis, Diabetes Mellitus, Steatorrhea
Somatostatin (inhibiting gastin, CCK, secretin, GIP)
169
acholrhydria, secretory diarrhea, hypokalemia, normal gap metabolic acidosis
VIPoma
170
AD, triplet repeat, cannot release hand grip, cataracts, heart disease
Myotonic dystrophy
171
CSF in guillain barre and MS
increased protein with no increase in cells (May see some increased lymphocytes in MS)
172
benign positional vertigo
dislocation of otoliths, no nystagmus hearing loss- most common cause of recurring vertigo
173
Secondary Hyper PTH (malabsorption vs renal failure)
In renal failure: hypocalcemia, hyperphosphate vs malabsorption where both are low
174
cause of bilateral base crackles and dyspnea in pt with recent MI and S3 sound
increased backflow of blood= decreased lung compliance
175
intrapleural vs atm pressure at FRC
Airway pressure is 0 with exact opposition of chest wall and lung, but intrapleural pressure is slightly negative at -5 about, allowing net air flow in for inspiration without using active energy
176
tryptase increased in what situation
can be high in mast cell degranulation= anaphylaxis
177
why is oxygen slightly lower in LA than in alveolar capillaries
account for venous admixture from bronchial circulation
178
ABG difference between heroin overdose and COPD
in both, have hypoventilation, with respiratory acidosis. but in COPD, renal compensation would be apparent, ex: with a HCO3 of 35, in heroid OD acutely, bicarb still normal
179
permanent vs transient central DI
permanent- hypothalamic, long term
180
why would LV diastolic pressure would not be consistent with isolated mitral stenosis
in this case, blood isnt flowing to LV, so high PCWP doesnt equal LV diastolic pressure
181
lab values in osteoporosis (primary)
normal PTH, calcium, phosphorus
182
increased creatine kinase level in pt with fatigue and weight gain
hypothyroid myopathy
183
what pathological processes can cause ANP/BNP release from ventricles
ventricle hypertrophy and volume overload
184
what runs along the radial artery
median nerve
185
proliferating cells in wallerian degeneration
schwann cells proliferate laying framework for regeneration by axon sprouts from proximal lesion site
186
hip flexion- muscle, nerve
iliopsoas, FEMORAL nerve
187
Knee flexion
Hamstrings= semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris, Sciatic nerve
188
Knee extension
quadriceps femoris= femoral nerve
189
cant flex elbow or supinate
musculocutaneous nerve
190
nerve injuresd in midshaft of humerus
radial nerve
191
patient with BILATERAL lateral rectus palsy
likely increased intracranial pressure and papilledema
192
paralysis of upward gaze in infant
secondary to stenosis of aqueduct = affects superior colliculus= Parinaud's syndrome
193
etiology of calcium oxalate stones in crohns
fat malabsorption due to poor bile acid absorption in terminal ileum. extra lipids bind calcium, so now oxalate is free and can cause stones
194
common cause of multiple lobar hemorrhages in elderly
amyloid angiopathy (age, not Alzheimers assoc)
195
patient has paralysis of oculomotor nerve after a heady injury
uncal herniation
196
site of lipid digestion, absorption
digestion- duodenum, absorption- jejunum
197
supracondylar fracture
injury to brachial artery and median nerve
198
last airway structure with cilia
respiratory bronchiole
199
CNIII palsy and UMN signs on opposite side
Weber (middle midbrain lesion)
200
abnormal opening in diaphragm in infant, visceral content extend into chest cavity causing distress
Bochdalek Hernia
201
why is cyclosporine needed for an identical twin transplant
still some diff in MHC sites due to crossover of chromosomes in meiosis
202
cause of diarrhea in children
rotavirus
203
acid labile picornavirus
rhinovirus (coxsackie, polio, enterovirus are acid stable)
204
CD on both B and T cells
CD45
205
viral RNA in lung, carried in rodents, ARDS, hemorrhage, renal failure
Hanta virus
206
Larva in stool, not eggs
Strongyloides
207
gram +, beta hemolysis, tumbling motility, placental transfer, UNPAST. CHEESE
liseria
208
cold sx in spring and summer
adenovirus
209
which live vaccine is given in AIDS
MMR
210
Killed vaccines
RIP= rabies, injected influenza, salk polio
211
egg allergy vaccine caution
mainly influenza, some risk with MMR
212
HLA system coded on
chromosome 6
213
```
HLA A3
HLA B8
HLA B8 and DR3
HLA DR2
HLA DR4
```
```
Hemachromatosis
Myasthenia gravis
Celiac
MS
RA
```
214
number of glucose to build palmitic acid
16C needed, and each acetyl coa has 2 C. each glucose= 2 acetyl coa. so need 4 glucose
215
dietary alteration in pt with pheo
decrease phe and tyrosine
216
only in liver and pancreatic islet, High Km, High vmax, not inhibited by G6P
glucokinase
217
why cant liver use ketone
liver cannot activate acetoacetate in mitochondria, requires succinyl coa
218
change to which amino acid would affect movement on SPEP
- remain at cathode
- move to anode
= remain at cathode (+)- most acidic= glutamic acid
| -go to anode (-)= arginine
219
energy source for protein synthesis
GTP
220
most common antibiotic used to prevent endocarditis in pts with valvular disease
amoxicillin
221
chlorpromazine and arsenic color on skin
blue-gray color
222
drug causing hair loss in woman
OCP- estrogen causes hair to remain at same stage of devpt
223
elderly man on thiazides at risk of developing
gout
224
antipsychotic drug requiring visual exam
thioridazine (reTinal), chlorpromazine (Corneal)= both are low potency
225
drug for seizures causes nephrogenic DI
lithium
226
congenital defect that is a variant of normal
PFO
227
allosteric activator of gluconeogenesis
acetyl coA activates pyruvate carboxylase
228
antibiotic implicated with serotonin syndrome
linezolid
229
Class 1A
1B
1C
effect on phase 0, length of action potential
1A- intermediate effect, prolonged
1B- weak, shortened
1C- strong, no effect
230
the 5 inhibitory effect of TCAs? which block likely to cause death?
block reuptake of serotonin and norepi= seizures, tremors
anti alpha1= hypotension
anti HI= sedation
anti- cholinergic- dryness, hot
anti -fast Na channel= arryhtmias, cardiac conduction problems. most likely cause of death
231
test of comprehension vs test of concentration
comprehension- follow multistep commands
| concentration- recite months backwards
232
waiting 2 weeks between phenelzine and sertraline therapy
to decrease risk of serotonin syndrome, waiting for MAO to regenerate (from phenelzine) before starting the SSRI
233
which drug when used without an antipsychotic in the depressed phase of bipolar can precipitate mania
TCA
234
paraeneoplastic cerebellar deneration
considered paraneoplastic autoimmune trigger (can be from LUNG, breast, ovary cancer)
235
RUQ pain after administration of an analgesic
biliary colic- morphine/opioid analgesics cause contraction of sphincter of Oddi
236
poor wound healing, decreased hair, rash around mouth, eyes and anus
acrodermatitis enteropathica
| Zinc deficiency
237
acrodynia
peeling of fingertips- seen in Kawasaki disease and mercury poisoning
238
cadmium poisoning
lung cancer, alveolar damage
- renal tubular damage
- osteoporosis and osteomalacia
239
CD13/33+, PAS neg
AML
240
lymphoma associated with MALT, Sjogren, Hashimotos, and H.pylori
Marginal Cell (NHL)
241
vitamin associated with increased risk of lung cancer in smokers
vitamin A
242
bile acids which form micelles with dietary fats
conjugated (glycine and taurine)
243
convusions, peripheral neuropathy, blindness, globoid cells
krabbe
244
angiokeratoma, kidney/heart failure
Fabry (alpha galactosidase)
245
allosteric inhibitor of B oxidation
malonyl coA
246
Human Polymerases
1) Delta
2) Alpha
3) Beta, Epsilon
4) Gamma
spells out DABEY
major DNA pol in humans
1) Leading strand + helicase, no proofreading or exonuclease
2) Lagging Strand + Primase
3) DNA repair
4) Y= mitochondrial
247
Boy with increased facial hair and impaired vertical gaze
Pinealoma, likely germinoma secreting b-hcg and causing parinaud syndrome
248
patient with difficulty balancing and speaking with increased liver transaminases
Wilsons disease, do Slit lamp for Kayser Fleischer,
| note that MRI showing atrophy is not specific for the disease
249
most common cause of death with lightening
cardiac arrhythmia
250
patient with hematemisis and liver failure signs is confused
hepatic encephalopathy is caused by failure to generate urea. Hematemisis= losing blood,and acid also would precipitate increased load of nitrogenous substances absorbed in the gut
251
most common cardiac anomaly predisposing to native valve bacterial endocarditis
mitral valve prolapse
252
viruses that produces a polyprotein product from single mRNA
echovirus (picornavirus family)
| usually single stranded, positive sense
253
what urinary value correlates with metabolic alkalosis?
urine cl
-if have increased loss of acid, decreased serum Cl, and thus a decrease in urine cl
however metabolic alkalosis could also be for example with diuretic use which decreases Na reabsorption/and cl and thus increases HCo3- to maintain electoneutrality
254
cold water vs hot water nystagmus
COWS
- cold- opposite side nystagmus
- warm- same side
255
what will erythrocytes produce when there is tissue ischemia
2,3 BPG- to release more O2
256
Phage infection of a single E. coli, phages released. One of these particles contain fragment of E.coli. Will this phage be able to inject DNA and how many particles produced?
Phage will be able to inject DNA, but progeny wont be produced
257
successive cleavage vs successive phosphorylations for activation
cleavage: coag pathway
phosph: G protein
258
the two molecules that must interact with superantigen infection
Class 2 MHC and TCR
259
how does a single gene able to code for multiple proteins with different functions
splicing of primary gene transcripts
260
which lab test used for monitoring response to tx in anemia
reticulocyte count
261
ABG with 3-day profuse diarrhea
metabolic ACIDOSIS (loss of bicarb)
262
topo 1 action in DNA replication
cut a single strand of double helix, and allowing other strand to pass through, and then allow ligate. decrease supercoiling
263
occurrence of some combinations of alleles or genetic markers in a population more often or less often than would be expected from a random formation of haplotypes from alleles based on their frequencies.(doesnt go with Hardy Weinberg)
Linkage disequlibrium
264
cold water vs hot water nystagmus
COWS
- cold- opposite side nystagmus
- warm- same side
265
what will erythrocytes produce when there is tissue ischemia
2,3 BPG- to release more O2
266
Phage infection of a single E. coli, phages released. One of these particles contain fragment of E.coli. Will this phage be able to inject DNA and how many particles produced?
Phage will be able to inject DNA, but progeny wont be produced
267
successive cleavage vs successive phosphorylations for activation
cleavage: coag pathway
phosph: G protein
268
the two molecules that must interact with superantigen infection
Class 2 MHC and TCR
269
how does a single gene able to code for multiple proteins with different functions
splicing of primary gene transcripts
270
which lab test used for monitoring response to tx in anemia
reticulocyte count
271
ABG with 3-day profuse diarrhea
metabolic ACIDOSIS (loss of bicarb)
272
topo 1 action in DNA replication
cut a single strand of double helix, and allowing other strand to pass through, and then allow ligate. decrease supercoiling
273
occurrence of some combinations of alleles or genetic markers in a population more often or less often than would be expected from a random formation of haplotypes from alleles based on their frequencies.(doesnt go with Hardy Weinberg)
Linkage disequlibrium
274
adaptin and dynamin
clathrin vesicles- adaptin allows interaction, dynamin pinches off membrane
275
organelle for breakdown of very long chain FA
peroxisome
276
AA products- both decrease vascular tone, while one increased uterine tone other doesnt
PGI2- decrease both
| Prostaglandin- abortificant- increases uterine tone
277
alpha and beta subunits of Tyrosine kinase receptor for insulin and IGF
alpha- bind ligand
| beta- with kinase activity----autophosph
278
elevation of what acute phase reactant strong predicto of MI, stroke, PAD, sudden cardiac death
C-reactive protein-- made by hepatocytes
279
3B hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase def
early death- cant make androgens, cortisol, aldosterone
280
cortisol action in increasing BP
not direct, increased a1 receptors in arterioles
281
synthesis and breakdown induced by cortisol
lipolysis, proteolysis, gluconeogenesis, glycogenlysis
282
abrupt withdrawal of CS tx
tertiary adrenal insufficiency, have inhibited CRH
283
hyperthyroidism in a patient presenting after recent use of IV contrast
Jod-Basedow (excessive iodine given quickly in hypothyroid pt)
284
Thyroid diseases:
HLA DR3
HLA DR5
3= graves, 5= hashimotos
285
thyroid cancer assoc with RAS or PPAR-gamma mutation
follicular
286
BRAF mutation
melanoma, papillary thyroid cancer
287
sorbitol dehydrogenase lacking
retina, schwann cells, lens, retina (cant take sorbitol to fructose)
