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heart Exam Questions > High Yield > Flashcards

High Yield Flashcards

1
Q

double wall sac (fibrous)
Helps protect the heart and anchors it to surrounding structures, such as the sternum and diaphragm..
Deep to the fibrous pericardium is the slippery, two-layer serous pericardium.

A

pericardium

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2
Q

part of the heart wall, Allows the heart to beat easily and in a relatively friction-less environment

A

epicardium

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3
Q

Consists of thick bundles of cardiac muscle twisted and whorled into ringlike arrangements and they contract

A

myocardium

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4
Q

Thin glistening sheet of endothelium that lines the heart chambers

A

endocardium

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5
Q

Inflammation of the pericardium

A

pericarditis

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6
Q

Receiving chambers

Blood flows into the atria under low pressure from the veins of the body and then continues to fill up the ventricles

A

atria

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7
Q

Discharging chambers
Pumps of the heart
Upon contraction, blood is propelled out of the heart and into circulation

A

ventricles

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8
Q

Interventricular septum and interatrial septum separates the chambers

A

cardiovascular septum

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9
Q

Carry blood to the lungs for gas exchange
Superior and Inferior vena cava
Sends relatively oxygen-poor blood from the veins of the body to the right atria

A

pulmonary circulation

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10
Q

Arteries: Branch left and right to the lungs
Only unoxygenated arteries
Veins: Receives oxygen rich blood from the lungs
Only oxygenated veins

A

pulmonary arteries and veins

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11
Q

Sends the oxygen-poor blood from the ventricles to the pulmonary arteries

A

pulmonary trunk

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12
Q

Circulation from the left side of the heart, through the body tissues, and back to the right side of the heart

A

systemic circulation

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13
Q

Largest artery, pumps oxygen-rich blood into systemic arteries that branch off to supply essentially all body tissues, originates in Left ventricle

A

aorta

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14
Q

Tunica externa = outer coat, connective tissue supports artery
Tunica media = mostly smooth muscle and elastic fibers
Tunica intima = simple squamous and a basement membrane
Largest is aorta, smallest are arterioles

A

arteries

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15
Q

Contain same tunics but only has a small amount of smooth muscle
Contains valves that only allow one way blood flow
Largest are the inferior and superior vena cava
Smallest are venules

A

veins

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16
Q

smallest veins

A

venules

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17
Q

One layer of squamous epithelial cells, pore size varies depending on organ
Pre-capillary sphincters control flow of blood through capillary beds
Vascular shunts pass through beds with no sphincter regulation
Nutrient/waste and cell exchange occur here

A

capillaries

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18
Q 
Carotid arteries = brain
Brachial arteries = arms
Femoral artery = legs
Hepatic artery = liver
Renal artery = kidney
Coronary arteries = heart
A

6 organ arteries and associations

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19
Q

plaque build up

A

atherosclerosis

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20
Q

Hardening due to plaque build up

A

arteriosclerosis

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21
Q

Sub clavian = underneath clavicle, returns lymphatic fluid to circulatory system
Coronary sinus = within heart, drains heart muscle directly into RA
Jugular vein = brain
Hepatic vein = liver

A

4 vein names

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22
Q

Supply blood to the heart muscle itself

A

coronary arteries

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23
Q

drains myocardium, on posterior of the heart

A

coronary sinus

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24
Q

myocardium doesn’t get enough blood, usually due to clogged vessicles

A

angina

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25
Q

Sinoatrial, in right atrium. starts each heart beat and called pacemaker

A

SA node

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26
Q

Atrioventricular , impulse then passes through the atrioventricular bundle (AV bundle or bundle of His), the bundle branches, and the Purkinje fibers. Heart contracts top to middle, then bottom to middle

A

AV node

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27
Q

Eleectrocardiogram, P-Wave: electrical signal being sent from SA to AV node (atria contract)
QRS complex: Electrical signal being sent from AV node, down the septum, through ventricles (ventricles contract)
T wave: Heart repolarizing (basically setting itself up to beat again)

A

ECG

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28
Q

the force of blood against the inner walls of blood vessels. .
measured by a pressure cuff (shut off brachial artery) sphygmomanometer
Normal range is 120/80 systolic/diastolic (contraction/relaxation)

A

blood pressure

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29
Q

blood pumped in 1 min. Product of heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV)

A

cardiac output

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30
Q

volume of blood pumped out by a ventricle with each heartbeat.

A

stroke volume

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31
Q

CO = HR (75 beats/min) x SV (70 ml/beat)

A

Cardiac Output

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32
Q

Heart Development

A

A simple “tube heart” develops in the embryo and pumps by week 4
The heart becomes a four-chambered organ by the end of 7 weeks
Few structural changes occur after week 7
Congenital heart defects account for half of all infant deaths resulting from congenital problems

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33
Q

Common vascular problem, especially in people who stand for long periods of time

A

Varicose Veins

34
Q

Small blood vessels
Only one cell layer thick (microscopic) to allow for exchanges between blood and tissue (selective permeability)
connect arterioles and venules

A

Capillaries

35
Q

Blood travels from the digestive organs, the spleen and the pancreas to the HPV
The HPV then carries the blood to the liver, where it is processed

A

Hepatic Portal Vein

36
Q

carry oxygen poor blood towards the heart
thin walled
can collapse easily when not filled with blood

A

Veins

37
Q

carry oxygenated blood away from the heart toward the capillaries
transport blood under very high pressure

A

Arteries

38
Q

Pulse = the pressure wave that occurs on a blood vessel wall as the heart beats
Monitored at “pressure points” in superficial arteries
Averages 70-76 bpm at rest in a healthy person

A

Arterial Pulse

39
Q

Sustained elevated arterial pressure or 140/90 mm Hg

Wans of increasing peripheral resistance

A

Hypertension

40
Q

Low systolic (below 100 mmHg)
Often associated with illness
Acute hypotension is warning sign for circulatory shock

A

Hypotension

41
Q

Blood is forced along a descending pressure gradient
Pressure in the blood vessels decreases as distance from the heart increases
Pressure is high in the arteries, lower in the capillaries, and lowest in the vein

A

Blood Pressure Gradient

42
Q 
CO= the amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per minute
PR= peripheral resistance, or the amount of friction blood encounters as it flows through vessels.
A

BP = CO x PR

43
Q

Normal range
140 to 110 mm Hg Systolic
80 to 70 mm Hg diastolic

A

Blood Pressure Monitor Manual

44
Q

pressure is measured in the large arteries
Systolic- pressure at the peak of ventricular contraction
Diastolic- pressure when ventricles relax
Expressed as systolic pressure over diastolic pressure: for example, 120/80 mmHg

A

Measuring Blood Pressure

45
Q

The two superior receiving chambers of the heart are known as the __________, while the two inferior discharging chambers of the heart are known as the _____________.

A

atria; ventricles

46
Q

The valves located between the atria and ventricles are known as the ______ valves.

A

atrioventricular (AV)

47
Q

Blood leaves the left ventricle through an artery known as the _______________.

A

aorta

48
Q

The transportation of blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs and back to the left side of the heart is known as ______________ circulation.

A

pulmonary

49
Q

The tiny white cords that anchor the cusps or flaps of endocardium to the walls of the ventricles are called the _______________.

A

chordae tendineae

50
Q

The walls of the ____________ are substantially thicker because that chamber acts as the more powerful systemic pump of the heart.

A

left ventricle

51
Q

The bicuspid valve is also referred to as the ______ valve.

A

mitral

52
Q

The first heart sound, “lub”, is caused by the closure of the __________ valves.

A

atrioventricular (AV)

53
Q

When ventricles _______, the AV valves are closed.

A

contract

54
Q

The path of blood flow within the systemic vascular system is ________.

A

arteries, arterioles, capillary beds, venules, veins

55
Q

The volume of blood pumped out of a ventricle with each heartbeat is known as _________.

A

stroke volume (SV)

56
Q

What is the correct sequence of blood flow from the lungs to the body?

A

lungs –> pulmonary veins –> left atrium –> left ventricle –> aorta –> body

57
Q

Which of the following vessels has the lowest blood pressure?

A

vena cava

58
Q

Arteries are normally depicted as red while veins are colored blue. The exceptions to this rule are the ___________ arteries and veins.

A

pulmonary

59
Q

Capillary beds are drained by vessels known as __________.

A

venules

60
Q

Which major vein brings deoxygenated blood back to the heart from the upper portion of the body?

A

Superior vena cava

61
Q

Name the chamber of the heart that receives blood from the veins that are carrying deoxygenated blood

A

Right Atrium

62
Q

When the ventricles contract, what happens to the AV valves

A

They close

63
Q

Which layer of the heart is composed of cardiac muscle and plays a role in the beating of the heart due to muscle contractions?

A

Myocardium

64
Q

What happens when ventricles contract

A

semilunar valves forced open

65
Q

What happens when ventricles relax

A

semilunar valves close

66
Q

When do AV valves open

A

heart relaxation

67
Q

When do AV valves close

A

when ventricles contract

68
Q

When do semilunar valves close

A

heart relaxation

69
Q

When do semilunar valves open

A

semilunar valves are forced open when ventricles contract

70
Q

Phases of an action potential in a ventricular contractile fiber include

A

rapid depolarization, a long

plateau, and repolarization

71
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue has a long refractory period, which prevents

A

tetanus

72
Q

The record of electrical changes during each cardiac cycle is called an

A

electrocardiogram (ECG)

73
Q

A normal ECG consists of a

A

P wave (atrial depolarization), a QRS complex (onset of ventricular depolarization), and a T wave (ventricular repolarization)

74
Q

The P–Q interval represents the

A

conduction time from the beginning of atrial excitation to the beginning
of ventricular excitation

75
Q

The S–T segment represents the time

A

when ventricular contractile fibers are

fully depolarized

76
Q

Cardiac output (CO) is the

A

amount of blood ejected per minute by the left ventricle into the aorta (or by
the right ventricle into the pulmonary trunk). It is calculated as follows: CO (mL/min) stroke volume
(SV) in mL/beat x heart rate (HR) in beats/min

77
Q

Cardiac reserve is the difference between

A

a person’s maximum CO and his or her CO at rest

78
Q

Stroke volume is related to

A

preload (stretch on the heart before it contracts), contractility (forcefulness
of contraction), and afterload (pressure that must be exceeded before ventricular ejection can begin)

79
Q

According to the Frank–Starling law of the heart

A

a greater preload (end-diastolic volume) stretching
cardiac muscle fibers just before they contract increases their force of contraction until the stretching
becomes excessive

80
Q

Nervous control of the cardiovascular system originates in the cardiovascular center in the

A

medulla oblongata

81
Q

Heart rate is affected by hormones

A

(epinephrine, norepinephrine, thyroid hormones), ions (Na, K,
Ca2), age, gender, physical fitness, and body temperature.

heart Exam Questions (6 decks)

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