High Yield Flashcards
double wall sac (fibrous)
Helps protect the heart and anchors it to surrounding structures, such as the sternum and diaphragm..
Deep to the fibrous pericardium is the slippery, two-layer serous pericardium.
pericardium
part of the heart wall, Allows the heart to beat easily and in a relatively friction-less environment
epicardium
Consists of thick bundles of cardiac muscle twisted and whorled into ringlike arrangements and they contract
myocardium
Thin glistening sheet of endothelium that lines the heart chambers
endocardium
Inflammation of the pericardium
pericarditis
Receiving chambers
Blood flows into the atria under low pressure from the veins of the body and then continues to fill up the ventricles
atria
Discharging chambers
Pumps of the heart
Upon contraction, blood is propelled out of the heart and into circulation
ventricles
Interventricular septum and interatrial septum separates the chambers
cardiovascular septum
Carry blood to the lungs for gas exchange
Superior and Inferior vena cava
Sends relatively oxygen-poor blood from the veins of the body to the right atria
pulmonary circulation
Arteries: Branch left and right to the lungs
Only unoxygenated arteries
Veins: Receives oxygen rich blood from the lungs
Only oxygenated veins
pulmonary arteries and veins
Sends the oxygen-poor blood from the ventricles to the pulmonary arteries
pulmonary trunk
Circulation from the left side of the heart, through the body tissues, and back to the right side of the heart
systemic circulation
Largest artery, pumps oxygen-rich blood into systemic arteries that branch off to supply essentially all body tissues, originates in Left ventricle
aorta
Tunica externa = outer coat, connective tissue supports artery
Tunica media = mostly smooth muscle and elastic fibers
Tunica intima = simple squamous and a basement membrane
Largest is aorta, smallest are arterioles
arteries
Contain same tunics but only has a small amount of smooth muscle
Contains valves that only allow one way blood flow
Largest are the inferior and superior vena cava
Smallest are venules
veins
smallest veins
venules
One layer of squamous epithelial cells, pore size varies depending on organ
Pre-capillary sphincters control flow of blood through capillary beds
Vascular shunts pass through beds with no sphincter regulation
Nutrient/waste and cell exchange occur here
capillaries
Carotid arteries = brain Brachial arteries = arms Femoral artery = legs Hepatic artery = liver Renal artery = kidney Coronary arteries = heart
6 organ arteries and associations
plaque build up
atherosclerosis
Hardening due to plaque build up
arteriosclerosis
Sub clavian = underneath clavicle, returns lymphatic fluid to circulatory system
Coronary sinus = within heart, drains heart muscle directly into RA
Jugular vein = brain
Hepatic vein = liver
4 vein names
Supply blood to the heart muscle itself
coronary arteries
drains myocardium, on posterior of the heart
coronary sinus
myocardium doesn’t get enough blood, usually due to clogged vessicles
angina
Sinoatrial, in right atrium. starts each heart beat and called pacemaker
SA node
Atrioventricular , impulse then passes through the atrioventricular bundle (AV bundle or bundle of His), the bundle branches, and the Purkinje fibers. Heart contracts top to middle, then bottom to middle
AV node
Eleectrocardiogram, P-Wave: electrical signal being sent from SA to AV node (atria contract)
QRS complex: Electrical signal being sent from AV node, down the septum, through ventricles (ventricles contract)
T wave: Heart repolarizing (basically setting itself up to beat again)
ECG
the force of blood against the inner walls of blood vessels. .
measured by a pressure cuff (shut off brachial artery) sphygmomanometer
Normal range is 120/80 systolic/diastolic (contraction/relaxation)
blood pressure
blood pumped in 1 min. Product of heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV)
cardiac output
volume of blood pumped out by a ventricle with each heartbeat.
stroke volume
CO = HR (75 beats/min) x SV (70 ml/beat)
Cardiac Output
Heart Development
A simple “tube heart” develops in the embryo and pumps by week 4
The heart becomes a four-chambered organ by the end of 7 weeks
Few structural changes occur after week 7
Congenital heart defects account for half of all infant deaths resulting from congenital problems
Common vascular problem, especially in people who stand for long periods of time
Varicose Veins
Small blood vessels
Only one cell layer thick (microscopic) to allow for exchanges between blood and tissue (selective permeability)
connect arterioles and venules
Capillaries
Blood travels from the digestive organs, the spleen and the pancreas to the HPV
The HPV then carries the blood to the liver, where it is processed
Hepatic Portal Vein
carry oxygen poor blood towards the heart
thin walled
can collapse easily when not filled with blood
Veins
carry oxygenated blood away from the heart toward the capillaries
transport blood under very high pressure
Arteries
Pulse = the pressure wave that occurs on a blood vessel wall as the heart beats
Monitored at “pressure points” in superficial arteries
Averages 70-76 bpm at rest in a healthy person
Arterial Pulse
Sustained elevated arterial pressure or 140/90 mm Hg
Wans of increasing peripheral resistance
Hypertension
Low systolic (below 100 mmHg)
Often associated with illness
Acute hypotension is warning sign for circulatory shock
Hypotension
Blood is forced along a descending pressure gradient
Pressure in the blood vessels decreases as distance from the heart increases
Pressure is high in the arteries, lower in the capillaries, and lowest in the vein
Blood Pressure Gradient
CO= the amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per minute PR= peripheral resistance, or the amount of friction blood encounters as it flows through vessels.
BP = CO x PR
Normal range
140 to 110 mm Hg Systolic
80 to 70 mm Hg diastolic
Blood Pressure Monitor Manual
pressure is measured in the large arteries
Systolic- pressure at the peak of ventricular contraction
Diastolic- pressure when ventricles relax
Expressed as systolic pressure over diastolic pressure: for example, 120/80 mmHg
Measuring Blood Pressure
The two superior receiving chambers of the heart are known as the __________, while the two inferior discharging chambers of the heart are known as the _____________.
atria; ventricles
The valves located between the atria and ventricles are known as the ______ valves.
atrioventricular (AV)
Blood leaves the left ventricle through an artery known as the _______________.
aorta
The transportation of blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs and back to the left side of the heart is known as ______________ circulation.
pulmonary
The tiny white cords that anchor the cusps or flaps of endocardium to the walls of the ventricles are called the _______________.
chordae tendineae
The walls of the ____________ are substantially thicker because that chamber acts as the more powerful systemic pump of the heart.
left ventricle
The bicuspid valve is also referred to as the ______ valve.
mitral
The first heart sound, “lub”, is caused by the closure of the __________ valves.
atrioventricular (AV)
When ventricles _______, the AV valves are closed.
contract
The path of blood flow within the systemic vascular system is ________.
arteries, arterioles, capillary beds, venules, veins
The volume of blood pumped out of a ventricle with each heartbeat is known as _________.
stroke volume (SV)
What is the correct sequence of blood flow from the lungs to the body?
lungs –> pulmonary veins –> left atrium –> left ventricle –> aorta –> body
Which of the following vessels has the lowest blood pressure?
vena cava
Arteries are normally depicted as red while veins are colored blue. The exceptions to this rule are the ___________ arteries and veins.
pulmonary
Capillary beds are drained by vessels known as __________.
venules
Which major vein brings deoxygenated blood back to the heart from the upper portion of the body?
Superior vena cava
Name the chamber of the heart that receives blood from the veins that are carrying deoxygenated blood
Right Atrium
When the ventricles contract, what happens to the AV valves
They close
Which layer of the heart is composed of cardiac muscle and plays a role in the beating of the heart due to muscle contractions?
Myocardium
What happens when ventricles contract
semilunar valves forced open
What happens when ventricles relax
semilunar valves close
When do AV valves open
heart relaxation
When do AV valves close
when ventricles contract
When do semilunar valves close
heart relaxation
When do semilunar valves open
semilunar valves are forced open when ventricles contract
Phases of an action potential in a ventricular contractile fiber include
rapid depolarization, a long
plateau, and repolarization
Cardiac muscle tissue has a long refractory period, which prevents
tetanus
The record of electrical changes during each cardiac cycle is called an
electrocardiogram (ECG)
A normal ECG consists of a
P wave (atrial depolarization), a QRS complex (onset of ventricular depolarization), and a T wave (ventricular repolarization)
The P–Q interval represents the
conduction time from the beginning of atrial excitation to the beginning
of ventricular excitation
The S–T segment represents the time
when ventricular contractile fibers are
fully depolarized
Cardiac output (CO) is the
amount of blood ejected per minute by the left ventricle into the aorta (or by
the right ventricle into the pulmonary trunk). It is calculated as follows: CO (mL/min) stroke volume
(SV) in mL/beat x heart rate (HR) in beats/min
Cardiac reserve is the difference between
a person’s maximum CO and his or her CO at rest
Stroke volume is related to
preload (stretch on the heart before it contracts), contractility (forcefulness
of contraction), and afterload (pressure that must be exceeded before ventricular ejection can begin)
According to the Frank–Starling law of the heart
a greater preload (end-diastolic volume) stretching
cardiac muscle fibers just before they contract increases their force of contraction until the stretching
becomes excessive
Nervous control of the cardiovascular system originates in the cardiovascular center in the
medulla oblongata
Heart rate is affected by hormones
(epinephrine, norepinephrine, thyroid hormones), ions (Na, K,
Ca2), age, gender, physical fitness, and body temperature.
