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Med 5 > High yield > Flashcards

High yield Flashcards

1
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Management of Post traumatic confusion

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2
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Causes of Post Traumatic confusion

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3
Q

Myotomes and Deep Tendon reflexes

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4
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Causes of Leg Pain

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5
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Dermatomes and Myotomes of Leg

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6
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Causes of Massive Haemoptysis

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7
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Local and Systemic factors for surgical wound

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8
Q

ASA class for surgery

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9
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Findings on lower limb neurological disease

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10
Q

Aetiology of Stridor

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11
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Causes of Goitre

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12
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Characteristics of Spleen on physical examination

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13
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Causes of Spleen Enlargement

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14
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Collapsed Neonate

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15
Q

Normal Heart Pressures

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16
Q

UMN VS LMN

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Remember:

The brain is a BRAKE- so if brain is fucked you lose the brake, so tone and reflexes increase.

So UMN– brain is broke – brake is broke – increased tone and reflexes

LMN:

Fasciculations (small muscle twitches)

Decreased Tone

Decreased Reflexes

Profound Muscle atrophy

Can affect:

Anterior Horn

Peripheral Nerve (made up of Ventral and Dorsal Nerve Roots)

NMJ

Muscle – Myopathy

UMN:

Spasticity – Positive Babinski

Increased Tone

Increased Reflexes

Minimal muscle atrophy

Remember:

Tone follows Reflexes – if tone decreases so will reflexes and vice versa. If they don’t follow, something is seriously wrong.

Fasciculations:

Irregular contractions of a group of muscle fibres innervated by one axon – a motor unit

Suggests reinnervation following nerve/motor neuron damage

Spasticity:

The whole muscle is contracted

So makes sense, UMN lesion means no brake on entire muscle, so entire muscle will be contracted

Can have hemiparesis – half the body contracted, or paraparesis – legs contracted.

Nerve Roots:

Can be compressed where it exits the spine – called Radiculopathy

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17
Q

Spinal tracts

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Spinal Tracts:

  • White Area – outer – axons
  • Grey Area– inside – cell bodies of neurons
  • Central Canal– has CSF

Anterior/Ventral Horn: Motor

  • Think – people act before they think, motor first

Dorsal Horn: Sensory

Gyri:

  • Pre-Central Gyrus: Primary Motor Cortex – think, people act before they think
  • Post-Central Gyrus:Primary Sensory Cortex

Orientation:

  • The BIG fissure is at the FRONT

Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus Tract:

  • Fine touch
  • Proprioception

Spinothalamic Tract:

  • Lateral:Pain and Temperature
  • Anterior:Crude (Soft) Touch

Corticospinal Tract: Motor

  • Lateral:Limbs
  • Ventral:Axial

Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus Tract: Fine Touch and Proprioception

  • 3 neurons:
    • Dorsal root ganglion
    • Medulla
    • Thalamus
  • Cell body in Dorsal Root Ganglion – axon ascends to Medulla – decussates in Medulla
    • Now called Medial Lemniscus Pathway
  • Then from Thalamus to Post Central Gyrus

Spinothalamic Tract:Pain, Temperature, Crude Touch

  • 3 Neurons:
    • Dorsal Root Ganglion
    • Dorsal Horn of Spinal Cord
    • Thalamus
  • Cell body in Dorsal Root Ganglion – then synapses to cell body in Dorsal Horn – then decussates in the spinal cord
  • Then ascends to Thalamus – hence Spine to Thalamus, Spinothalamic
  • Then from Thalamus to Post Central Gyrus

NOTE: Dorsal Column and Spinothalamic are both SENSORY – go to Post Central Gyrus

Corticospinal Tract:Pyramidal Tract - Motor

  • 2 Neurons:
    • UMN: Cortex to Anterior Horn
    • LMN: Anterior Horn to Muscle
  • Begins in Pre-Central Gyrus – Primary Motor Cortex
  • Lateral Limbfibres decussate in the Medulla– called Pyramids
  • Ventral Axial fibres decussate in Spinal Cordat their target level
  • Then both synapse on to Anterior Horn

Think: ‘Lateral Limb’ and ‘Anterior Axial’

Fine Touch vs Crude Touch:

  • Fine is localising where you have been touched
  • Crude – sense that you have been touched but not where

Question:Why is soft/crude touch tested last? Why is it least specific?

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18
Q

Ascending Vs Descending Tracts

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19
Q

Causes of Thrombocytosis

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20
Q

Causes of bone pain / tenderness

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21
Q

Myeloma Diagnosis

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22
Q

Causes of Splenomegaly

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23
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Risk factors for Thrombosis

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24
Q

Side effects of Steroid use

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25
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Antibiotic sensitivty and resistances

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26
Q

Presentations of Drug abusers

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27
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Tropical illnesses

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28
Q

Infectious disease common ones - incubation periods

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29
Q

HBV infection serological markers over time

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30
Q

HIV opportunistic infections

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31
Q

Porphyria

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32
Q

Upper limb myotomes

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33
Q

Lower Limb Myotomes

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34
Q

Anterior dermatomes

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35
Q

Posterior Dermatomes

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36
Q

High yield dermatomes

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37
Q

Sensation of hand and legs plus genital area

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38
Q

Gait Disorders

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39
Q

How to localise seizures

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40
Q

Venous territories of the brain

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41
Q

MS Mcdonald Criteria

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42
Q

Limb nerves and what they innervate

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43
Q

Presentations of Cystic Fibrosis

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44
Q

Signs of impending liver failure

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45
Q

DDx Collapsed Neonate

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46
Q

Causes of a Funny turn in a child

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47
Q

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

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48
Q

Neonatal life support

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49
Q

Poorly taken care of child management

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50
Q

Iron poisoning Mx

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51
Q

Infantile Hypocalcemia Ddx

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52
Q

Childhood afebrile seizure Mx

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53
Q

Trisomy 21 Facies

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54
Q

Causes of congenital malformations

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55
Q

Complications of birth asphyxia

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56
Q

Causes of floppy infant

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57
Q

Neonatal Jaundice

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58
Q

Causes of infantile apnoea

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59
Q

Causes of unexpected respiratory distress

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60
Q

Complications of Premature birth

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61
Q

Conductive and sensoneurial hearing loss children

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62
Q

Causes of developmental regression

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63
Q

DDx back pain children

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64
Q

DDx paeds chronic headaches

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65
Q

Childhood stroke causes

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66
Q

Causes of learning difficulties

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67
Q

Causes of delayed walking

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68
Q

DDx childhood coma

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69
Q

Macrocephaly causes

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70
Q

CSF findings infections

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71
Q

Relative contraindications LP

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72
Q

DDx chronic polyarthritis child

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73
Q

Infection in individuals with cancer

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74
Q

Purpura causes in a child

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75
Q

Pancytopenia Ix

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76
Q

DDx pancytopenia

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77
Q

DDx rash child

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78
Q

Causes of weight loss child

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79
Q

Factors causing recurrent infections

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80
Q

Non-specific Sx of malaria

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81
Q

DDx measles

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82
Q

Causes of HTN Mnemonic

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83
Q

Types of miscarriage presentation

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84
Q

neonatal resus flowchart

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85
Q

Down syndrome

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86
Q

DDx nappy rash

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Sebohorriec dermatitis

Atopic dermatitis

Psoriasis

Langerhahns cell histiocytosis

Thread worms

Zinc deficiency

Malabsorption - e.g. CF

Crohn’s disease

Mx:

Use disposable, use towels, increase frequency, barrier cream like vaseline, spend time without nappy, 1% hydrocortisone with imidazole if candidiasis

87
Q

Eczema DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT

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MUST HAVE ITCH

3 or more of:

  • involvement in skin creases

personal history of atopy or 1st degree realative if <4

History of dry skin in last year

Onset under age of 2

Visible flexural eczema

MX:

Avoid triggers - heat, material ,dryness, regular moisturiser

Daily cool bath - add oil, salt and bleach

Oral Vitamin D

Moisturising cream 2-3 times a day - QV

Flares:

Pimecrolimus, stronger steroid for the body, hydrocortisone for face

Tar for licheninifcation

ANtibiotics or antivirals if secondary

Intranasal bactroban if nasal swabs positive

Wet dressings and cool compresses

88
Q

Autism

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1 - SE reciprocity, Nonverbal, developing relationships

  1. 2/4 of Sterotyped, insistence on sameness, fixated interestes, hyper/hypo sensory

Some NIGGAS Develop Some Insistence for hyper

Med 5 (9 decks)

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