High Risk Pregnancy and Labor Flashcards
What are the pre-existing conditions that can affect high-risk perinatal care?
- Diabetes mellitus
- Cardiovascular disorders
- Respiratory disorders
- Integumentary disorders
- Substance abuse
These conditions can lead to complications during pregnancy and delivery.
What are the two main causes of diabetes mellitus?
- Impaired insulin secretion
- Inadequate insulin action in target tissues
Understanding these causes is essential for managing diabetes effectively.
What are the classifications of diabetes?
- Type 1 diabetes
- Type 2 diabetes
- Other specific types (infection or drug-induced)
- Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)
Each classification has different management strategies.
What is gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)?
Any degree of glucose intolerance with onset or recognition during pregnancy.
GDM requires careful monitoring and management to prevent complications.
What are the maternal risks associated with pregestational diabetes mellitus?
- Macrosomia
- Hydramnios
- Ketoacidosis
- Hyperglycemia
- Hypoglycemia
These risks can significantly impact both maternal and fetal health.
What fetal and neonatal risks are associated with pregestational diabetes mellitus?
- Sudden and unexplained stillbirth
- Congenital malformations
- Other problems causing significant neonatal morbidity
These risks necessitate comprehensive fetal monitoring.
What are some components of care management for pregestational diabetes?
- Antepartum evaluation
- Frequent monitoring
- Diet and exercise
- Insulin therapy
- Urine testing
- Fetal surveillance
Each component is critical for managing diabetes during pregnancy.
What major cardiovascular changes affect women with cardiac disease during pregnancy?
- Increased intravascular volume
- Decreased systemic vascular resistance
- Changes in cardiac output during labor and birth
- Intravascular volume changes after childbirth
These changes can exacerbate pre-existing cardiac conditions.
What are the care management strategies for cardiovascular disorders in pregnancy?
- Antepartum assessment
- Minimizing stress on the heart
- Bed rest
- Nutrition counseling
- Anticoagulant therapy
Effective management is crucial for maternal and fetal well-being.
What is the ultimate goal of asthma therapy during pregnancy?
Maintaining adequate oxygenation of the fetus by preventing hypoxic episodes in the mother.
Asthma management can vary significantly during pregnancy.
What are some integumentary disorders induced by pregnancy?
- Melasma (chloasma)
- Vascular ‘spiders’
- Palmar erythema
- Striae gravidarum
- Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy (PUPPs)
These conditions may require specific management approaches.
What barriers do pregnant women face in substance abuse treatment?
- Fear of losing custody of child
- Criminal prosecution
- Lack of treatment programs addressing pregnant women
- Long waiting lists and lack of health insurance
These barriers can prevent women from seeking necessary help.
What are the clinical manifestations of hyperemesis gravidarum?
Excessive vomiting accompanied by dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, ketosis, and acetonuria.
This condition may require hospitalization and aggressive management.
What is the significance of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy?
They are the most common medical complication reported during pregnancy, contributing to maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality.
Early recognition and management are crucial.
What are the signs and symptoms of preeclampsia?
- Hypertension after 20 weeks of gestation
- Proteinuria
- Edema
Preeclampsia can progress to eclampsia if not managed properly.
What are the components of HELLP syndrome?
- Hemolysis (H)
- Elevated liver enzymes (EL)
- Low platelets (LP)
HELLP syndrome is a severe form of preeclampsia with significant risks.
What is the treatment for magnesium sulfate toxicity?
Discontinue magnesium sulfate and administer calcium gluconate.
Monitoring is essential to manage maternal and fetal well-being.
What are clinical manifestations of ectopic pregnancy?
- Abdominal pain
- Delayed menses
- Abnormal vaginal bleeding
Immediate diagnosis and management are critical to prevent complications.
What is the standard diagnosis method for placenta previa?
Transabdominal ultrasound examination.
Accurate diagnosis is essential for planning delivery.
What is disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?
A pathologic form of diffuse clotting causing widespread bleeding triggered by severe complications such as placental abruption or severe preeclampsia.
DIC management focuses on correcting the underlying cause.
What is the significance of trauma during pregnancy?
Fetal survival depends on maternal survival; immediate stabilization and care are essential for optimal fetal outcomes.
Physiological changes during pregnancy necessitate specialized care.
