Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anterior Segment 2 > Higa: Dry Eye 1 > Flashcards

Higa: Dry Eye 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the eyelids?

A
  1. cover/protect globe
  2. Move tears medially
  3. spread tears
  4. Contains glands
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which muscle: Causes negative pressue to help drain tears w/ a blink

A

Muscle of horner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which muscle: found within eyelid, keeps the eyelid on the globe

A

Muscle of Riolan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

WIT: Loss of muscle tone, can lead chronic epiphora

A

Ectropion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

WIT: due to involutional entropion or an inward turning of lashes, can lead to FBS

A

Trichiasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Rubbery tarsus and loose upper lids, often seen in obese men and associated with sleep apnea; can result in mechanical GPC

A

Floppy eyelid syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Accessory glands of wolfring & Krause produce?

A

Aqueous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

WIT: Preservatives in ophthalmic drugs/sons can cause breaks in epithelial tight junctions resulting in PEE

A

Toxic Keratitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

WIT: Loss of corneal sensory innervation that results in lack of corneal healing and symptoms

A

Neurotrophic Keratitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What 5 things do the tears contain?

A
  1. Water
  2. Electrolytes
  3. Lysozyme
  4. Lactoferrin
  5. Immunoglobulins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

WIT: Acute infection of the meibomian glands

A

Internal hordeolum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

WIT: Infection of sebaceous gland (zeiss or moll)

A

External hordeolum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Meibum is thought to be caused by what?

A

Testosterone and Progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the functions of the tear film?

A
  1. Lubricant
  2. Traps Debris/Removes Epithelial cells
  3. Oxygen for cornea
  4. Smooth refractive surface
  5. Antibacterial properties
  6. Maintain corneal hydration
  7. Growth factors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the average osmolarity of the tear film? ph? thickness?

A

300mOsm
6.2-8.2
2-5.5um

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What % of tears pass through lacrimal drainage?

A

75%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the length of the ampulla, canaliculus, lacrimal sac & nasolacrimal canal?

A

2mm
8mm
10mm
12mm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

A positive Jones 1 test means what?

A
  • the drainage system is open/patent
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

A positive Jones 2 test means what?

A
  • dye is now present

There was a blockage, but dilation and irrigation removed it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does a negative Jones 2 test mean?

A

Regurgitation from superior/inferior puncta… obstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Receptors sense feeling/abnormality and send signal via what nuclei?

A
  1. Nuclei of V

2. Superior Salvitory Nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

WIT: Pain that arises from actual damage to tissue & is due to the activation of nociceptors.

A

Nociceptive pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

WIT: Pain caused by a lesion or disease of the somatosensory nervous system; Pain without biologic value

A

Neuropathic pain

24
Q

What are the 3 types of corneal sensory neurons?

A
  1. Polymodal nociceptors
  2. Specific mechano-nociceptors
  3. Cold thermoreceptor neurons
25
Q

WIT: Respond to chemical, thermal and mechanical insult; sensitized by inflammation

A

Polymodal nociceptors

26
Q

WIT: Responds only to mechanical injury

A

Specific mechano-nociceptors

27
Q

WIT: Increase or decrease of firing due to heat/cold of ocular surface; sensitive to changes in tear osmolarity

A

Cold thermoreceptor neurons

28
Q

What is the most important neuron in DED?

A

Cold thermoreceptor neurons.

29
Q

What are the new components of DEWS 1 compared to DEWS 2?

A
  1. Loss of homeostasis

2. Neurosensory abnormalities

30
Q

What are the 2 components of Non-Sjogrens/K.sicca ?

A
  1. Aging

2. Low Androgens

31
Q

What is found to be decreased in ppl over 80?

A

Lactoferrin & Lysozyme

32
Q

High levels of what androgen is a risk factor for DED? This is found in post-menopausal women

A

high levels of estrogen

33
Q

Sjogren’s is an autoimmune attack on what? What infiltrates them?

A

Lacrimal and Salivary glands

- infiltration of T & B lymphocytes

34
Q

What auto-antigens are expressed in Sjogrens?

A

Ro & La

35
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of primary sjogren’s?

A
  1. Reduced salivary production
  2. Reduced tear production
  3. Presence of autoantibodies (ro & la)
36
Q

What is secondary sjogrens?

A

Primary sjo + autoimmune disease (RA, SLE, PA, Wegner’s)

37
Q

What are the factors leading to ADDE?

A
  1. Non-Sjo/K.sicca
  2. Sjogrens
  3. Lacrimal Obstruction
  4. Inflam. Lacrimal infiltration
  5. Systemic Drugs
38
Q

Trachoma causes what 3 things?

A
  1. Tarsal and conjunctival scarring
    2 Trichiasis
  2. Cicatricial MG obstruction
39
Q

WIT: Mucocutaneous disorder characterized by blistering of skin/mucous membranes

A

Cicatricial Pemphigoid

40
Q

WIT: Acute, self-limiting mucocutaneous disorder usually caused by drugs, infection or malignancy

A

Erythema multiforme

41
Q

What are the 4 types of lacrimal obstruction?

A
  1. Trachoma
  2. Cicatricial Pemphigoid
  3. Erythema Multiforme
  4. Chemical/Thermal Burns
42
Q

What are the 4 things that can cause inflammatory lacrimal infiltration/damage?

A
  1. Sarcoidosis
  2. Lymphoma
  3. AIDs
  4. Graft vs. Host Disease
43
Q

WIT: May present initially as dacryoadenitis; infiltration of lacrimal gland by sarcoid granulomata?

A

Sarcoidosis

44
Q

Sjogren’s patients are at an increased risk of developing what disease?

A

Lymphoma

45
Q

What 4 categories of systemic drugs can cause ADDE?

A
  1. Anticholinergics
  2. Adrenergic Agonist
  3. Diuretics
  4. Anti-hypertensive
46
Q

What 3 things can cause a reflex sensory block for making aqueous/tears?

A
  1. Infective (HSV)
  2. Corneal Surgery
  3. Neutrophic Keratitis
  4. Diabetes
  5. CL wear
47
Q

The severing of what 2 corneal nerves can cause sensory denervation?

A

LPCN & SPCN

48
Q

Neurotrophic Keratitis is due to what type of injury?

A

CN V nerve or ganglion injury

49
Q

What are the intrinsic causes of EDE?

A
  1. MGD
  2. Disorders of Lid
  3. Low Blink Rate
50
Q

Increased ocular surface exposure leads to an increase in evaporatation and resultant ___ ____?

A

Tear hyperosmolarity

51
Q

What are some disorders leading to increased ocular surface exposure?

A
  1. High myopia
  2. Exophthalmos
  3. Nocturnal lagophthalmos
52
Q

Low blink rate is found in what disease?

A

Parkinson

53
Q

What are the extrinsic causes of EDE?

A

Environments with increased air flow or low humidity

- increases tear osmolarity

54
Q

What additional factors can lead to tear film instability?

A
  1. Vitamin A def.
  2. Topical drugs/preservatives
  3. Allergic Conjunctivitis
  4. Anterior Blepharitis
55
Q

Why does Vit A. deficiency cause DED?

A

Vitamin A is needed for the development of goblet cells and expression of the glycocalyx mucin

56
Q

What is a Bitot’s spot?

A

Build up of keratin on the conjunctiva due to Vitamin A deficiency

Anterior Segment 2 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions