HHD IN A GLOBAL CONTEXT

Question 1

Economic characteristics- high-income country

Answer 1

-Lower levels of poverty
-Wide range of industries
- Many opportunities for global trade
-High average incomes GNI per capita $12,056+

Question 2

Social characteristics- high income country

Answer 2

-Higher levels of gender equality
-Low birth rates and population growth
-High levels of employments
-High levels of education
-Developed social security systems
-Developed health systems
-Developed legal systems
-Access to technology

Question 3

Environmental characteristics- high income country

Answer 3

-High levels of water and sanitation
-Adequate housing
-High access to quality food supply
-Adequate roads, transport, systems, piped water, sewage systems.
-Greater amount of carbon dioxide due to range of industries.

Question 4

Economic characteristics- Middle income country

Answer 4

-Some live in poverty
-Mixture of industries
-Emerging global trade
-Middle ranged incomes GNI
(Average income $966-12055)

Question 5

Social characteristics- Middle income country

Answer 5

-Increasing levels of gender equality (more females gaining employment)
-High birth/population growth but less ability for parents to take care of them
-Developing education system
-Developing access to technology
-Low levels of social security
-Low levels of functioning legal systems
-Lack of access to suitable healthcare

Question 6

Environmental characteristics- Middle income country

Answer 6

-Increasing levels of safe water and sanitation
-Low levels of food security
-Lack of access to adequate housing with poor ventilation, heating cooling
-Poor access to facilities
-Low levels of carbon dioxide but mostly affected by climate change due to lack of resources to deal with it.

Question 7

Economic characteristics- Low income country

Answer 7

-Large population of poverty
-Limited range of industries
-Very few opportunities for global trade, not generation desired goods.
-Average income ($995 or less)

Question 8

Social characteristics- Low income country

Answer 8

-High unemployment rates
-High population growth- but limited ability for parents to care
-Low levels of gender equality
-Low levels of social security
-Does not have a developed education system
-Lack of access to healthcare and technology
-Very low functioning legal system

Question 9

Environmental characteristics- Low income country

Answer 9

-Poor levels of safe water and sanitation
-Lack of food security
-Poor access to adequate housing, urban slums are a common feature
-Poor access to facilities
-Low levels of carbon dioxide but mostly affected from climate change because lack of resources.

Question 10

High income countries

Answer 10

Canada, Chile, Greece, Ireland, Japan, USA, UK

Question 11

Upper middle income countries

Answer 11

China, Cuba, Fiji, Mexico, South Africa, Turkey, Russia

Question 12

Lower middle income countries

Answer 12

Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea

Question 13

Lower income countries

Answer 13

Mali, Nepal, Zimbabwe, Uganda, Rwanda, Somalia

Question 14

Similarities in health status and burden of disease (L.E)

Answer 14

Occasionally there a fluctuations in Life expectancy within countries because war, conflict and spread of infectious diseases.
Life expectancy and health adjusted life expectancy has increased overtime and females have a high life expectancy than males.

Question 15

Differences in health status and burden of disease

Answer 15

Low-middle- are more susceptible to such issues and generally experience more severe fluctuations in their life expectancy compared to high income countries, such as Australia.
Many African countries experiences a significant decrease in life expectancy in the 1900s due to AIDs epidemic.

Question 16

Adult mortality rate

Answer 16

Some countries low child mortality but high adult mortality. Lifestyle diseases can impact such as tobacco smoking, excessive alcohol and unsafe sex

Question 16

Child mortality rate

Answer 16

Under 5 mortality rate is one of the most important indicators, which is the nutritional health status of mothers, the underlying factor being malnutrition as well as undeveloped immune system communicable diseases
Diarrhea diseases, malaria (mosquito cause), HIV, AIDs, respiratory diseases such as pneumonia.

Question 16

Double burden

Answer 16

When conditions associated with both poverty and wealth exist side-by side in one community, such as undernutrition and obesity

Question 16

Similarities in Mortality rate

Answer 16

Under 5 mortality rates improve in most countries around the world. Non communicable diseases account for the highest percentage of deaths.

Question 17

Differences in Mortality rate

Answer 17

Lower income countries experience higher rates of mortality and morbidity compared to higher income countries. Maternal mortality significantly higher in low income countries.

Question 18

Burden of disease

Answer 18

Overall YLL rates are significantly higher in low and middle-income countries. Most low and middle-income countries still experience greater rates of YLL due to non-communicable diseases than Australia but communicable diseases contribute even more YLL and therefore represent a greater proportion of the total.

Question 18

Similarities in Burden of Disease

Answer 18

The rate of YLD generally increases with life expectancy

Question 19

Safewater

Answer 19

Safe water refers to water that is not contaminated with disease causing pathogens such as bacteria and viruses or chemicals such as lead or mercury.

Question 19

Differences in Burden of Disease

Answer 19

Years of life lost for most causes are higher in low-middle income countries than high income countries including Australia.

Question 20

Waterborne diseases

Answer 20

Diseases caused by microorganisms that are transmitted in contaminated water. Infection commonly results during bathing, washing, drinking, in the preparation of food, or the consumption of infected food. eg cholera, typhoid, botulism

Question 21

Physical impacts on safewater

Answer 21

Diarrhoea, Cholera, dysentery, gastroenteritis, low immune system, intestinal infections (hook worms, whip worms) vomiting, stomach cramping, malaria. Collecting water for hours is also dangerous and exhausting which risks of physical exhaustion and injury.

Question 22

Mental impacts on safewater

Answer 22

High levels of stress due to always being sick and not being able to pursue education or obtain paid employment to look after family.

Question 23

Social impacts on safewater

Answer 23

Collecting water takes time which reduces the chance for women and children to participate in their community or make friends at school. This impacts building relationships and decreases the chance of strong communication skills.

Question 24

Spiritual impacts on Safewater

Answer 24

Having to collect water can often result in feelings of hopelessness and thoughts of “why me?” which can lead to lower sense of purpose and belonging

Question 25

Morbidity/Mortality on safewater

Answer 25

Drinking contaminated water and suffering from extreme diarrhoea can lead to malnutrition. This weakens the immune system and leaves the sufferer more susceptible to other illnesses causing death or chronic illness

Question 25

Under 5 mortality rate on safewater

Answer 25

Children are particularly susceptible to impacts of unsafe water as they are more likely to experience repeated infection and account for a higher proportion of total deaths from water related causes.

Question 26

DALYs on safewater

Answer 26

Women and children spends hours collecting which means there is no tax going to the government for them to provide resources such as healthcare which increases DALYs as many go untreated.

Question 27

YLL on safewater

Answer 27

Lack of access to clean water increases the risk of infectious diseases such as gastroenteritis which contributes to a large number of childhood deaths in middle-low income countries compared to high income countries.

Question 28

Sanitation

Answer 28

Sanitation generally refers to provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and feeces but can also refer to the maintenance of hygienic conditions through services such as garbage collection and waster water disposal. Adequate sanitation requires flushing toilet or covered latrine and the hygienic removal of containment of waste products.

Question 29

Physical impact on sanitation

Answer 29

Diarrhoea, Cholera, dysentery, gastroenteritis, low immune system, intestinal infections (hook worms, whip worms) vomiting, stomach cramping.

Question 30

Mental impacts on sanitation

Answer 30

High levels of stress and anxiety for women when having to walk through dark and dangerous locations to find private space to relieve themselves and this makes it more vulnerable to harassment, threats of violence and sexual assault.

Question 31

Social impacts on sanitation

Answer 31

Missed school days due to sickness or too embarrassed to attend school because there is a lack of seperate toilets for girls when sharing with boys especially when they have their period.

Question 32

DALYs on sanitation

Answer 32

Inadequate sanitation is one of the main causes of contaminated water supplies in low-middle income countries and leads to an increase rate of DALY from infectious diseases such as diarrhoea, cholera and typhoid.

Question 33

Life expectancy on sanitation

Answer 33

Lack of sanitation contributes to disease, a sick population may not be able to work or go to school. Parents may have to stay home to care for ill children, reducing income for family. Money may be spend on medical treatments which increases poverty. Poverty leads to not affording adequate nutrition or treatment for diseases leading to low life expectancy.

Question 34

Morbidity/Mortality on sanitation

Answer 34

If children missed out on education as a result of illness or no toilets. they may be forced into low payment employment which could lead to labour work that increases chance of injury, ultimately increasing mortality and morbidity rates.

Question 35

Poverty

Answer 35

Poverty refers to deprivation. This deprivation often stems from lack of income but presents as a lack of material resources such as food, shelter, clean water, healthcare. It can also present as intangible resources such as social inclusion, opportunities for eduction and decision making.

Question 36

Extreme poverty

Answer 36

living on less than $1.90 a day