Hh Flashcards
What is the difference between appetite and hunger?
Appetite is the desire to eat stimulated by sight or smell, while hunger is the physiological drive to eat.
Which part of the brain is the main regulator of hunger?
Hypothalamus
What are the two main types of nerve cell clusters in the hypothalamus related to hunger?
- Feeding center
- Satiety center
What role do gastrointestinal nerve cells play in hunger regulation?
They signal the hypothalamus to suppress the satiety center and trigger the eating response.
What hormone is known as the ‘hunger hormone’?
Ghrelin
What is the function of CCK (Cholecystokinin)?
CCK is a full hormone secreted in response to fullness, working opposite to ghrelin.
Where is leptin produced and what is its function?
Leptin is produced in fat cells (adipocytes) and acts on the hypothalamus to signal fullness.
Which type of foods have the highest satiety value?
Foods high in proteins
What are the two types of digestion that occur in the digestive system?
- Physical digestion
- Chemical digestion
What is the primary function of the pancreas in digestion?
The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes and bicarbonate to neutralize acidic pH.
What is the role of salivary amylase in digestion?
Salivary amylase begins the chemical digestion of carbohydrates in the mouth.
What is chyme?
Chyme is a mixture of partially digested food that is produced in the stomach.
What triggers the release of bile from the gallbladder?
CCK (Cholecystokinin) released in response to protein and fat in the chyme.
What is the role of the liver in nutrient regulation?
The liver processes and stores carbohydrates, fats, amino acids, and regulates blood nutrient levels.
What are the main components of bile?
- Water
- Bile salts
- Cholesterol
Fill in the blank: The _______ is responsible for the absorption of fat-soluble nutrients.
Lymphatic system
What is the primary function of the small intestine?
Mainly digestion and absorption occurs here.
What is the function of the ileocecal valve?
It allows for the emptying of the small intestine into the large intestine.
What are the three systems that regulate GI hormones?
- Endocrine
- Nervous
- Muscular
True or False: Enzymes can be denatured due to changes in pH or temperature.
True
What is the role of the enteric nervous system?
It controls contractions and secretions of the GI tract.
What causes peptic ulcers?
Peptic ulcers are caused by H. Pylori, NSAIDs, and excess acid.
What is the primary function of the large intestine?
Stores food and waste until excreted.
What is the function of intrinsic factor (IF) produced by parietal cells?
It aids in the absorption of vitamin B12.
What is the process called when nutrients are absorbed through the cell membrane?
Endocytosis
What are the two types of nutrient transport systems in the body?
- Water-soluble nutrients through the hepatic portal vein
- Fat-soluble nutrients through lymphatic vessels
What is heartburn and gastroesophageal reflux caused by?
Gastric juice entering the lower esophagus due to the lower esophageal sphincter not closing.
What are peptic ulcers?
Lesions of the GI tract eroded by HCl and pepsin.
What causes peptic ulcers?
H. Pylori, NSAIDs, and excess acid.
What does IBS stand for?
Irritable Bowel Syndrome.
What are common symptoms of IBS?
Changes in bowel function, bloating, abdominal pain.
What is food intolerance?
Unpleasant symptoms resulting from the consumption of certain foods.
What characterizes food allergies?
Hypersensitivity reaction of the immune system to a particular component.
What happens in a food allergy?
Immune cells react to a specific food component.
What is celiac disease?
Damage to the lining of the small intestine affecting nutrient absorption.
What components of wheat affect celiac disease?
Components of wheat erode the microvilli.
