HGST Flashcards
!The engagement process is a systematic fires cycle and a continual process on any mission. The 5 five tenets are:
Detect, Identify, Decide, Engage and Assess (TC 3-04.45 pg. 11-1)
!All aircrew members must complete the following prerequisite training events prior to conducting live-fire aerial gunnery:
a. Aircrews must be current on GT-I.3, based upon the individual’s semi-annual ATP requirement in chapter 2.
b. Individuals who are newly assigned, or whose GT currency has lapsed are required to earn a GO on GT- I.3 prior to conducting live-fire gunnery. (TC 3-04.45 pg 6-3)
!Many factors (or preconditions) contribute to fratricide. These factors are crucial in the commander’s fratricide risk assessment before combat. They are based on:
METT-TC. (TC 3-04.45 pg. 10-2)
The _______ process is a series of progressive and interdependent steps (or actions)—target search, detection, location, and identification that lead to the decision process to engage or not engage. Effective ____ for a crew requires a constant combined effort from each aircrew member. (TC 3-04.45 pg. 11-1)
Combat Identification Process
CID
! ___________ is the process of attaining an accurate characteristic and discriminatory aspect of detected objects on the battlefield. (TC 3-04.45 pg. 12-1)
Target identification
!The gunner’s triangle is a logical sequence which standardizes the engagement method, in the order of _________________________. This method ensures that the firing crew member uses a complete cross-check, while verbalizing the engagement parameters for the opposite crew member to maneuver the aircraft appropriately. (TC 3-04.45 pg. 14-7)
target, heading, range, store, weapons employment
The ____________ is a series of progressive and interdependent steps based upon the mission, ROE, the tactical directive, the target threat level, weapon systems or ammunition selection, and confirming the target as a threat. (TC 3-04.45 pg. 13-1)
Decision process
!Neutralization knocks the target out of the battle temporarily. __________ or more casualties usually neutralize most units. The unit becomes effective again when casualties are replaced and equipment repaired. (TC 3-04.45 pg H-23)
Ten percent
! Destructive fires put the target out of action permanently. A unit with _________ or more casualties is usually rendered permanently ineffective, depending on the type and discipline of the force.
(TC 3-04.45 pg H-23)
30 percent
! The three target-effect standards for armed helicopter engagements are?
suppression, neutralization, and destruction. (TC 3-04.45 pg H-23)
What are the four kill standards classified as?
Mobility, firepower, combined mobility and firepower, and catastrophic. (TC 3-04.45 pg 15-1)
The four types of ballistics influencing projectiles fired from helicopters are:
interior, exterior, aerial, and terminal. (TC 3-04.45 pg A-6)
Interior ballistics includes:
Barrel Wear, Launcher Tube Alignment, Thrust Misalignment, Propellant Charge, and Projectile Weight (BLTPP). (TC 3-04.45 pg A-6 and A-7)
Air resistance, Gravity, Yaw, Projectile Drift, and Wind Drift are what type of ballistics?
Exterior
What two factors determine the amount of wind drift of a projectile?
Time of flight, Wind speed acting on the cross-sectional area of the projectile (TC 3-04.45 pg A-9)
Yaw is the angle between the centerline of the projectile and its trajectory which results in the projectile’s trajectory changing which increases Drag. Where would a projectile have its maximum Yaw?
Near the muzzle and gradually subsides as the projectile stabilizes. (TC 3-04.45 pg A-8)
The exterior ballistic which causes a clockwise spinning projectile to move to the right is called?
Projectile Drift (TC 3-04.45 pg A-8)
Do Apache Pilots have to compensate for Projectile drift?
No. Pilots should note that Apache ballistics algorithms compensate for this phenomenon, so aircrews do not have to make adjustments. (TC 3-04.45 pg A-8).
Trajectory shift and projectile drift combine to constitute the:
port-starboard effect. (TC 3-04.45 pg A-13)
In general, at ranges ___________, the effect of trajectory shift is greater. At ranges ___________, the effect of projectile drift is greater and tends to cancel the effect of trajectory shift. (TC 3-04.45 pg A- 14)
Less than 1,000 meters
Greater than 1,000 meters
AH-64D pilots should recognize that compensation for trajectory shift is accomplished automatically by the weapons processor if:
a. TADS is the selected LOS (Seven-state Kalman filter)
b. FCR is the selected LOS (Scan-to-scan correlation) (TC 3-04.45 pg A-25)
* **NO lead-angle compensation is computed or added when IHADSS is the selected sight
Firing to the right produces a downward jump; firing to the left produces an upward jump. This is compensated for by the weapons processor with TADS and FCR as the LOS. (TC 3-04.45 pg A-21)
Projectile jump
_________ is caused by the motion of the helicopter as the projectile leaves the weapon.
Angular rate error
Angular rate error occurs when an aircrew fires rockets from a hover using the pitch-up delivery technique. Hover fire engagements can be achieved at a range of approximately ___________ without changing the aircraft pitch attitude. (TC 3-04.45pg A-22 / TC 3-04.42 pg 4-153)
4,500 meters
__________ describes a projectile’s characteristics and effects on a target. Projectile functioning such as blast, heat, and fragmentation are influenced by fuze and warhead functioning, impact angle, and surface condition. (TC 3-04.45 pg A-14)
Terminal ballistics
Angle of Impact is a characteristic of what type of ballistic?
Terminal ballistic
Because the rocket is accelerating as it leaves the launcher, the force acting upon the fins causes the nose of the rocket to turn into the wind. This is known as the:
Relative wind effect
What is the cause of the greatest error for free flight rockets (besides poor pilot technique) and what is done to minimize that error?
Thrust Misalignment, Rocket spin (TC 3-04.45 pg A-7)
Maximum effective range is defined as:
the longest range at which a weapon has a 50% probability of hitting a target. (TC 3-04.45 pg A-7)
Hellfire II missiles share a common rocket motor and SAD. The M120E5 is a single thrust, rod and tube motor design containing approximately 9.1 kilogram of class 1.1 propellant . Maximum velocity is approximately:
475 meters per second (MACH 1.4). (TC 3-04.45 pg. D-8)
Running fire is defined in the TC 3-04.45 as tasks that are conducted at maneuver speeds between:
50 knots and the aircraft velocity to never exceed (VNE). (TC 3-04.45 pg. 6-13)
Running fire performed at airspeeds _________ will offer a mix aircraft survivability and weapons accuracy. (TC 3-04.42 pg 4-136)
Above ETL
Turret bending is the single largest contributor to the perceived dispersion associated with the AH-64 30mm cannon. Turret bending compensation is applied by the weapons processor:
1st round-no compensation, 2nd round-1/2 of the turret bending table value, full table value is applied thereafter until gunfire is terminated. (TC 3- 04.45 pg. A-24)
In the AH-64D, rotor down-wash influence is reduced to zero at approximately ___________ forward airspeed, the influence vector is moved just aft of the rocket launcher forward bulkhead, thus reducing down wash to zero. (TC 3-04.45 pg. A-24)
33 knots indicated
The AH-64 ballistics algorithms automatically compute rotor down-wash compensation for rockets based on aircraft gross weight, air density ratio, and longitudinal true airspeed. However, this compensation assumes rocket launch is initiated at:
HOGE altitudes
The Target State Estimator is utilized to derive target states using the following inputs:
c. Processed range data from the laser range validator.
d. TADS pitch and yaw rates from the TADS gyros.
e. Aircraft body rate and velocity data from the EGI. (TC 3-04.45 pg. A-26)
Crewmembers will not use ________ affiliated graphic control measures/icons/symbols to mark enemy locations and vice-versa to avoid fratricide and other unnecessary confusion. (TC 3-04.42 pg 4-203)
Friendly
To provide time and space to set up a running or diving fire attack, the AMC selects an initial point (IP). Normally, the IP is located approximately __________ from the target and acts as a starting point for the attack run. (TC 3- 04.42 pg 4-134)
8-10 km
When selecting the initial point for a running or diving fire attack it should be either a:
readily identifiable terrain feature or a TSD/C-Scope icon. (TC 3-04.42 pg 4-134)
Transmission of the 5-Line CCA Brief (Ground-to-Air) constitutes clearance to fire except in a:
Danger close situation
The 4 “T”s associated with aircraft control (firing techniques) during rocket engagements are?
Target, Torque, Trim, Target re-verified. (TC 3-04.42 pg. 4-134)
What are the two types of fire?
Direct fire-fires directed at a target within the shooter’s line of sight (LOS).
Indirect fire-fires directed at a target which the shooter cannot observe. (TC 3-04.45 pg. 14-2)
What are the four modes of fire?
h. Hover fire
i. Moving fire (Equal to or greater than ETL but less than 40 KTAS)
j. Running fire Greater than 40 KTAS but less than Vne)
k. Diving (pitch attitude 10 degrees below the horizon or greater and 40 KTAS to Vne) (TC 3-04.45 pg. 14-2)
The five techniques of fire are:
hover fire, running fire, diving fire, low altitude bump, Diving/running fire initial point. (TC 3-04.42 pg 4-136)
___________ maximizes the benefits of both running and diving fire involving a low-altitude run-in with a 300- to 1,000-foot (bump) about 1,500 to 2,000 meters prior to the target. (TC 3-04.42 4-136)
Low-altitude bump
After weapon’s release the crew executes a turn away from the target. This maneuver is called the _______ formerly referred to as the “break”. (TC 3-04.42 4-136)
Pull off
The AMC will select the appropriate team employment technique and will brief the team utilizing TPM-R:
Technique (Hover, Running, Diving, Low-Altitude Bump),
Pattern (Racetrack, Cloverleaf, L-attack, Figure 8, Butterfly pattern, 45-degree attack, Circular/Wheel pattern),
Munitions,
Range.
(TC 3-04.42 pg 4-177)
The AMC assigns team member responsibilities within the team based on the tactical situation utilizing the following terminology:
Shooter/cover, Shooter/shooter, Looker/shooter.
JTACs may establish a hasty IP for CAS aircraft utilizing the:
Keyhole template
What is technique used to adjust fires on target that requires the aircrew member firing the weapon to sense projectile impacts of the weapon system and use proper technique to adjust the rounds on target. Crews can use this method with the cannon, machine-gun, and rocket engagements.
Burst on target
The three techniques of applying burst on target corrections:
include recognition, milliadian relation, and LRF methods. (TC 3-04.45 pg 14-20)
You fire a burst of 30mm at a target, which misses to the left about 10 meters. You then adjust your line of sight to the right of the target and fire again, hitting the target. This is the _____________ method of BOT
recognition method or “ Kentucky Windage”
You fire a pair of rockets at a target, which miss long. You then laze the approximate center of the rocket’s impact point and adjust your range down (manual range) to fire your next pair. This is the __________ method of BOT
Laser rangefinder
When the LRF/D is not working, referencing target size vs. symbology to determine range to target is known as the:
Milliradian Relationship Method. (TC 3-04.45 pg G-16)
At shorter ranges with the M261 warhead , the ram air decelerator (RAD) takes longer to overcome momentum, _________ dispersion. As range increases, the rocket loses momentum, increasing the effectiveness of the RAD. (TC 3-04.45 pg 14-30)
Increasing
What are the three levels of safeing? (TC 3-04.42, pg. 4-135)
l. Weapons trigger switch released
m. Weapons action switch deselected
n. SAFE/ARM button – SAFE
30mm RED
500m: 75m /246’
1000m: 95m/312’
1500m: 115m/378’
AWS dynamic harmonization. If the AWS requires harmonization accomplish the following:
o. Maintain a heading to target of ±5 degrees, at a range of 500-1500 meters.
p. Using the procedure outlined in TM 1-1520-251-CL, place 5 of 10 rounds in the target. (BMP frontal.)
q. Accurately transcribe the dynamic harmonization data to the aircraft logbook. (Electronic and/or paper as appropriate.) (TC 3-04.42 pg 4-163)
The M789 HEDP projectile is an __________ and _________ round capable of defeating light armored vehicles. (TC 3-04.45 pg. B-18)
Anti-material
Anti-personnel
The M789 round shaped charge warhead forms a high velocity jet for light armor penetration. Armor penetration ranges from _________ at 500 meters, to __________ at 3,000 meters with the spin compensated (fluted) copper liner. (TC 3-04.45 pg. B-18)
1.5 inches
3 inches
The M789 nominal burst radius is ___________; however, the lethal fragment impact pattern is dependent upon the surface conditions, impact angle, velocity, and the target type. (TC 3-04.45 pg. B-19)
4 meters
The M789 round has a velocity of approximately ____________ at the muzzle and slows steadily thereafter. Engagements at greater than _______ meters can be heard by the dismounted personnel before the first round impacts.(TC 3-04.45 pg. 14-44)
805 meters per second
2,000
The 3 types of rounds the 30mm can accommodate and description are the:
M788 (Training) blue with aluminum tip,
M789 (Tactical HEDP) black with yellow band, and
M848 (Dummy) Brass color. (TC 3-04.45 pg. B-16) (-10 pg 4-102)
What is the time of flight for a 2.0Km 30mm shot?
30mm TOF
500m .7 sec
1000m 2.0 sec
1500m 3.7 sec
2000m 5.8 sec
2500m 8.6 sec
3000m 12.2 sec
When FXD is selected by the pilot the ______ will only be displayed in the _________ symbology. When FXD is selected by the CPG ____________ will have the CCIP displayed in their respective formats. (TC 3-04.42 pg 4-164)
CCIP
PLT format
Both crewmembers
When actioning the gun or rockets from the cyclic in either crew station the range will change to the last valid ____________ when HMD is the selected sight. AWS Student Handout pg D-62
Manual range
During a fixed gun engagement, You action the gun by momentarily placing the WAS on the cyclic forward to the gun (G) position. When WASed, the gun will relocate and remain at fixed position:
0 degrees azimuth and +0.87degrees elevation
The gun duty cycle is as follows:
6, 50 round bursts w/ 5 seconds between bursts followed by a 10 minute cooling period. For burst limiter settings of other than 50 – no more than 300 rounds within 60 seconds before allowing gun to cool for 10 minutes, after which the cycle can be repeated. (-10-2, pg. 4-107)
The WARNING regarding 30mm stoppage states:
If 300 or more rounds have been fired in the preceding 10 minutes, and a stoppage occurs, personnel must remain clear of the aircraft for 30 minutes. Aircraft crewmembers should remain in the aircraft and continue positive gun control. (-10-2, pg. 4-108)
When firing the AWS in NORM, LOS INVALID is a _______ inhibit. When firing the AWS in FIXED mode, LOS INVALID becomes a ___________ inhibit, and the operator can override the inhibited via the weapon trigger second detent. AWS Student Handout pg D-50
Safety
Performance
The gun turret is capable of azimuth movement of:
86 degrees left or right of the helicopter centerline, +11 degrees elevation, (+9 degrees elevation within 10 degrees of aircraft centerline), and -60 degrees depression. (- 10-2, pg. 4-102)
T / F (circle) Under NVS, the AWS will continue to follow IHADSS LOS when operating in NVS FIXED mode. (- 10-2, pg. 4-31)
T
The 30mm is limited to ______ degrees in azimuth when the rockets are actioned simultaneously.(AWS Student Handout PG D- 24)
+-60
The 30mm is limited to ____ degrees in azimuth on the side of the next missile to be fired if it is on the inboard pylon. (AWS Student Handout PG D-24)
52
The LOS Reticle flashes when:
the crewmember ‘s LOS is invalid or
his selected NVS is at its limit.
It also flashes when the gun is the selected weapon and the gun system has failed and is not following the crewmember ‘s head. (-10-2, pg. 4-21)
There is no indication in the cockpit when the SQUAT ORIDE switch is in the AIR position. What is the hazard associated with the SQUAT ORIDE switch being in the AIR position with the aircraft on the ground?
The possibility exists that the AWS could inadvertently be driven into the ground. (-10-2, pg. 4-102)
In the event of a GUN EL MISTRACK fault, the gun will be _____________ . Gun azimuth may not provide proper wire strike protection due to wire cutter angle.
Stowed in elevation
What is the “WARNING” associated with the 30mm in reference to the Gun Duty Cycle?
Failure to adhere to the published gun duty cycle may result in catastrophic failure, loss of aircraft, injury or death (-10-2, pg. 4 - 104)
The software ballistic range limit for the 30mm is:
4200 meters
The maximum capacity of the ammunition handling system is:
1200 rounds
The 100-gallon auxiliary fuel cell includes a 242 round ammunition storage magazine, making a maximum capacity of about:
300 rounds
In the event of a power loss the gun is spring driven to _____ degrees in elevation to prevent _______ during landing (- 10-2 pg. 4-102)
+11
Dig in
In the event of IHADSS failure with gun selected and the HMD as the selected sight, the gun will remain at its last commanded position. Gun firing is ________. When the gun is de-actioned, it will ______________. (– 10-2, pg. 4-19)
Inhibited
Return to the stowed position
The rate of fire for the 30 mm is:
625 +- 25
The AWS will ___________________ when operating in NVS FIXED Mode. (-10-2 pg. 4-102)
Continue to follow IHADSS LOS
When conducting AWS Harmonization, the CPG positions the dashed reticle (GUN DH reticle) over the Mean Point of Impact (MPI) of the rounds then presses the:
Store/Update Switch (ORT LHG).
The Sideloader/ Magazine Controller (S/MC) performs three distinct ammunition handling system functions?
Counting of 30mm rounds,
control of the carrier drive assembly,
control of the loader assembly for uploading and downloading. (-10 pg 4-102)
How many rounds will be displayed on the 30mm while in the training mode?
888
Rockets RED
300m: 140 / 460’
800m: 210m / 689’
1500m: 305m / 1001’
With Hellfire Rails on pylons 2 and 3, and rocket launchers on pylons 1 and 4, what rocket zones and quantities of each are available?
A- 24, B-8, E-6 (-10, pg 4-107)
M439/M261 (MPSM)/M66 engagements at ranges less than _________ and/or speeds greater than _________ are not authorized. (-10-2, pg. 4-108)
1000 meters
90 knots
__________ is a safety inhibit that is displayed when vertical acceleration is less than 0.5 G and may cause the main rotor blade to obstruct the trajectory of the rocket. ARS Student Handout pg D-44
ACCEL LIMIT
The ______________ to action a weapon (WAS) has control of that weapon. Exception: If the CPG has rockets actioned via the _________ and the pilot actions rockets, _____________ is in effect. (-10-2, pg. 4-6)
Last Crewmember
LHG WAS
Cooperative moding
Each M73 submunition has a shaped charge that can penetrate more than _______ of armor. (TC 3.04.45, pg. C-16)
4 inches
The M261 is a MPSM warhead for _________ and _________ applications. (TC 3-04.45 pg C -16)
Anti-material
Anti-personnel
The MPSM warhead body is:
Olive drab with yellow markings
The M261 contains ______ individual M73 sub-munitions with a shaped charge warhead for perforating light armor (top attack) and a fragmenting steel case for anti-personnel effects. (TC 3-04.45 pg C -16)
nine
The MPSM submunition (M73) will land __ degrees off center __ percent of the time, resulting in a 90% probability of producing personnel injuries within a __ meter radius. (TC 3-04.45 pg. 14-30)
5
66
20
A sub-munition landing __ degrees off center has a __ percent probability of producing casualties within a __ meter radius.(TC 3-04.45 pg. 14-30)
30
90
5
The MK66 rocket achieves maximum velocity at approximately __________ (motor burnout) from the launch aircraft. (TC 3-04.45 pg. A-7).
300 meters
Limitation on firing rockets from inboard stations:
Due to the possibility of surging the engines, do not fire rockets from inboard stations. Fire no more than pairs with two outboard launchers every three seconds or fire with only one outboard launcher installed with out restrictions. (-10-2, pg. 4-108)
In each M267 MPSM training warhead there are ___ inert submunitions and _____ smoke producing submunitions. (TC 3.04.45, pg. C-18)
6
3
Do not fire rockets with the M433 RC fuse in situations where they might fly closer than ____ from other airborne helicopters. (-10-2, pg.4-108)
51 meters
When rockets are in the cooperative mode the WP will use the __________________ and disregard ___________________
CPG-selected LOS and range date in the fire control solution and will disregard the PLT LOS and range data.
Is the pilot permitted to make changes to the RKT page when in the cooperative mode.
Yes, during the rocket coop mode, both the CPG and PLT share a common WPN’s RKT page. Both may view, access , edit or fire RKT ‘s ) (TC 3-04.42 pg 4-159)
MK66 ______ motors are prohibited from use on Army Apaches and Kiowa Warriors due to the possibility of ejection of the rocket motor stabilizing rod. (3.04.45 C-18)
Mod 2
The flechette rocket detonates about ______ before the predetermined range. (3-04.45 pg 14-29).
400 m
Hover fire rocket engagements with 6PD (10 pounders) can be achieved at a range of approximately ________ without changing aircraft pitch angle. (TC 3-04.42 pg 4-153)
4500 meters